{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T18:05:45Z","timestamp":1732039545173},"reference-count":208,"publisher":"University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Canadian Bulletin of Medical History"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypochondriac or phobic reactions to venereal disease, specifically syphilis, have invited over three centuries of medical reification and nosological reframing. This bibliographic overview establishes that the early specification and psychiatricization of early modern concepts of melancholy and hypochondriasis, imaginary syphilis or syphilophobia, animated the early respective territorializations of venereology, infectiology more broadly, neurology, and mental medicine. Together with mercuriophobia and a wider emergent clinical sensitivity to sexual angst, the diagnosis, while evidently only sporadically made, functioned as a durable soundboard in the confrontation of emergent medical rationale with various confounders and contenders: medically literate and increasingly mobile but possibly deluded patients; charlatans and putative malpractitioners; self-referral laboratory serology (after 1906); and eventually, through psychoanalysis, the patient\u2019s unconscious. Requiring medical psychology early on, syphilology became and remained self-conscious and circumspect, attentive to the casualties of overdiagnosis, overtreatment, and iatrogenesis. Finally, patient apprehension led to makeshift forms of \u201cmoral treatment,\u201d including fear-instilling and placebos.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3138\/cbmh.432-032020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,21]],"date-time":"2020-08-21T23:40:35Z","timestamp":1598053235000},"page":"319-359","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Noddle Pox: Syphilis and the Conception of Nosomania\/Nosophobia (<i>c.<\/i>1665\u2013<i>c.<\/i>1965)"],"prefix":"10.3138","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Diederik F.","family":"Janssen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diederik F. Janssen \u2013 Graduate School of\u00a0Arts and\u00a0Social Sciences, Maastricht University (external PhD student)"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1696","reference":[{"key":"#cr-split#-fn1.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Don James McLaughlin, \"Hydrophobia's Doppelg\u00e4nger: Toward a Literary History of Emotions in Early American Rabies Narratives,\" Literature and Medicine 37 (2019): 113-40. Non-rabies hydrophobia was a ubiquitous enigma in early modern European medical literature, it should be added","DOI":"10.1353\/lm.2019.0004"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn1.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"see many references in an article that seemingly coined the nosological specification in its title: J.G. Kr\u00fcnitz, \"Beschreibung einer von selbst, und ohne vorhergegangenen Bi\u00df eines tollen Thieres, entstandenen Wasserscheue, (Hydrophobia spontanea), [\u2026],\" Hamburgisches Magazin 20 (1757): 529-53. For the English case, see also Stephanie Howard\u2010Smith, \"Mad Dogs, Sad Dogs and the 'War against Curs' in London in 1760,\" Journal for Eighteenth\u2010Century Studies 42 (2019): 101-18, documenting that in response to a 1760 rabies outbreak in London, mad dog fears were seen to rise to \"Epidemic Terror\" levels (104).","DOI":"10.1111\/1754-0208.12592"},{"key":"fn2","unstructured":"See, for example, Adam Raciborski,Pr\u00e9cis pratique et raisonn\u00e9 du diagnostic(Paris: Bailli\u00e8re, 1837), 927; Robley Dunglison,The Practice of Medicine; Or, a Treatise on Special Pathology and Therapeutics, 2 vols. (Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard, 1842), 2:335, 375."},{"key":"fn3","unstructured":"Smoler, \u201cZwei F\u00e4lle von Phtisiophobie,\u201dWiener Medizinal-Halle1 (1860): 115\u201316, 130\u201331, 130."},{"key":"fn4","unstructured":"A[dolfo] Lutz, \u201cLeprophobia,\u201dJournal of Cutaneous and Genito-Urinary Diseases10 (1892): 477\u201379."},{"key":"fn5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oskar Scheuer, \u201cSyphilidophobie,\u201dDermatologische Zeitschrift19 (1912): 46\u201351, 46. All English translations of non-English sources, including any errors, are my own.","DOI":"10.1159\/000245089"},{"key":"fn6","unstructured":"Alessandro Benedetti,Historia corporis humani sive anatomice(Venice: Guerraldo, 1502), n.p. The quote was notably familiar to late eighteenth-century syphilis historians such as Philipp Gabriel Hensler,Geschichte der Lustseuche die zu Ende des XV. Jahrhunderts in Europa ausbrach, vol. 1 (Altona: Eckhardt, 1783), 83\u201384."},{"key":"fn7","unstructured":"See, for example, Nicolas de Nancel,Discours tres ample de la peste(Paris: Denys du Val, 1581), 153."},{"key":"fn8","unstructured":"[John Baptista]Van Helmont\u2019s Workes[\u2026], trans. J. C[handler] (London: Lloyd, 1664), 1132, 1133, 1150. The extensive argument, here translated, hails fromTumulus pestisof Van Helmont\u2019sOpuscula medica inaudita(Cologne: Jost Kalckhoven, 1644), esp. 76\u2013101, 176\u201380. See also P-G. Ottosson, \u201cFear of the Plague and the Burial of Plague Victims in Sweden 1710\u20131711,\u201d in Neithard Bulst and Robert Delort, eds.Maladies et soci\u00e9t\u00e9s (XIIe-XVIIIesi\u00e8cles)(Paris: \u00c9ditions du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, 1989), 375\u201392."},{"key":"fn9","unstructured":"Joseph-Honor\u00e9-Simon Beau, \u201cNouvelles recherches sur le bruit des art\u00e8res, et application de ces recherches \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude de plusieurs maladies [cont\u2019d],\u201dArchives g\u00e9n\u00e9rales de m\u00e9decine, 4thser., 10 (1846): 281\u2013306. The terms entered the English language and literature in a review in theMedico-Chirurgical Review, and Journal of Practical Medicineof that year. L\u00e9on Julien Gros and E. Lancereaux subsequently labelledsyphilophobieanosomanie sp\u00e9ciale: L\u00e9on Julien Gros and E. Lancereaux,Des Affections nerveuses syphilitiques(Paris: Adrien Delahaye, 1861), 135."},{"key":"fn10","unstructured":"J[oseph] Guislain,Le\u00e7ons orales sur les phr\u00e9nopathies, ou trait\u00e9 th\u00e9orique et pratique des maladies mentales: cours donn\u00e9 \u00e0 la Clinique des \u00e9tablissements d\u2019ali\u00e9n\u00e9s \u00e0 Gand, 3 vols. (Gent: L. Hebbelynck, 1852), 1:118. The term entered the English language in a review of this work in theBritish and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Reviewof October 1852, and the German language in an 1854 translation."},{"key":"fn11","unstructured":"Claude Qu\u00e9tel,Le Mal de Naples: Histoire de la syphilis(Paris: Seghers, 1986), chap. 1 and passim."},{"key":"fn12","unstructured":"William Turnbull,An Inquiry into the Origin and Antiquity of the Lues Venerea(London: J. Murray, 1786), 5\u20136."},{"key":"fn13","unstructured":"Jules Davasse,La Syphilis: ses formes, son unit\u00e9(Paris: Bailli\u00e8re, 1865), 7."},{"key":"fn14","unstructured":"Qu\u00e9tel,Le Mal de Naples."},{"key":"fn15","unstructured":"General notes have been offered by I.J. Polianski, \u201cMelancholia syphilidophobica: Zur Kulturgeschichte der Venerologie,\u201dDer Urologe52 (2013): 1582\u201389. Although nineteenth-century medical history on syphilis invariably stressed the frightening properties of the disease, one finds a (limited) historicizing approach only in Theodor Benda, \u201cSyphilidophobie,\u201d inBeitr\u00e4ge zur Dermatologie und Syphilis. Festschrift gewidmet Georg Lewin zur Feier seines 50j\u00e4hrigen Doctorjubil\u00e4ums am 5. November 1895(Basel: Karger, 1896), 1\u20139. Subsequent literature drew from a dedicated bibliographic section in syphilis historian Johann Karl Proksch\u2019sDie Litteratur \u00fcber die venerischen Krankheiten von den ersten Schriften \u00fcber Syphilis aus dem Ende des f\u00fcnfzehnten Jahrhunderts bis zum Jahre 1889, 3 vols. (Bonn: P. Hanstein, 1890\u201391), 3:319. A history of neurosyphilis in Scottish medicine (which does not discuss syphilophobia) is Gayle Davis,\u201cThe Cruel Madness of Love\u201d: Sex, Syphilis and Psychiatry in Scotland, 1880\u20131930(New York: Rodopi, 2008). On venereology, see J.D. Oriel,The Scars of Venus: A History of Venereology(London: Springer, 1994)."},{"key":"fn16","unstructured":"\u00c9douard Jeanselme, \u201cDes M\u00e9faits de la syphilophobie,\u201dM\u00e9decine moderne, 12 June 1895, 373ff."},{"key":"fn17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.R. Pedder, \u201cPsychiatric Referral of Patients in a Venereal Diseases Clinic,\u201dBritish Journal of Venereal Diseases46 (1970): 54\u201357.","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.46.1.54"},{"key":"fn18","unstructured":"Sander L. Gilman,Difference and Pathology: Stereotypes of Sexuality, Race, and Madness(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985), 38."},{"key":"fn19","unstructured":"Elaine Showalter, \u201cSyphilis, Sexuality, and the Fiction of the Fin de Si\u00e8cle,\u201d in Ruth Bernard Yeazell, ed.Sex, Politics, and Science in the Nineteenth-Century Novel(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 88\u2013115."},{"key":"fn20","unstructured":"Charles Hamilton Hughes, \u201cProvision for Professional Advertising in the Code,\u201dAlienist & Neurologist15 (1894): 135\u201337 (emphasis in original)."},{"key":"fn21","unstructured":"Robert L. Gilman, \u201cA Clinical Appraisal of Syphilophobia,\u201dAmerican Journal of Syphilis25 (1931): 295ff."},{"key":"fn22","unstructured":"Victor G. Vecki, \u201cSyphilophobia,\u201dAmerican Journal of Urology and Sexology13 (1917): 321\u201325, 322."},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn23.1","unstructured":"See, for instance, Esther Fischer-Homberger, \"Hypochondriasis of the Eighteenth Century-Neurosis of the Present Century,\" Bulletin of the History of Medicine 46 (1972): 391-401"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn23.2","unstructured":"Gerrit Glas, \"A\u00a0Conceptual History of Anxiety and Depression,\" in Siegfried Kasper, Johan A. den Boer, and J.M. Ad Sitsen, eds. Handbook of Depression and Anxiety, 2nd ed. (New York: Marcel Dekker, 2003), 1-47"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn23.3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Russell Noyes Jr. \"The Transformation of Hypochondriasis in British Medicine, 1680-1830,\" Social History of Medicine 24 (2011): 281-98","DOI":"10.1093\/shm\/hkq052"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn23.4","unstructured":"German E. Berrios, \"Hypochondriasis: History of the Concept,\" in Vladan Starcevic and Don R. Lipsitt, eds. Hypochondriasis: Modern Perspectives on an Ancient Malady (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 3-20."},{"key":"fn24","unstructured":"Nicholas Robinson,A New Treatise of the Venereal Disease, in Three Parts(London: J.J. & P. Knapton, 1736), 145\u201346."},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn25.1","unstructured":"Sur la non-existence de la maladie v\u00e9n\u00e9rienne [\u2026] (Paris: Gabon, 1811), 42 and passim"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn25.2","unstructured":"and review in Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal 14 (1818): 357-70."},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn26.1","unstructured":"Jean Astruc, De morbis venereis libri sex (Paris: J.R. Imhoff, 1738), 361, 415"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn26.2","unstructured":"translated in Trait\u00e9 des maladies v\u00e9n\u00e9riennes, 3rd ed., vol. 4, trans. A.F. Jault & Boudon (Paris: Vve Cavelier, 1755), 162, 191-92, 285-87. A critical engagement with this is found in John Douglas, A Dissertation on the Venereal Disease: Wherein a Method of Curing All the Stages of That Distemper Will Be Communicated [\u2026] (London: self-pub., 1737), 25-26."},{"key":"fn27","unstructured":"[Thomas Gataker],Observations on Venereal Complaints, and on the Methods Recommended for Their Cure(London: R. & J. Dodsley, 1754), 48."},{"key":"fn28","unstructured":"John Green Crosse,Sketches of the Medical Schools of Paris(London: J. Callow, 1815), 164."},{"key":"fn29","unstructured":"[Review],Medicinisch-chirurgische Zeitung1 (1814): 417."},{"key":"fn30","unstructured":"[Review],G\u00f6ttingische gelehrte Anzeigen1 (1813): 263."},{"key":"fn31","unstructured":"\u201cThis propensity, indeed, I remember once to have heard very satisfactorily accounted for in a medical debating society, by a candid avowal, that if the antimercurial mania continued to spread,\u2018it would be ruin to the apothecaries and veneral practioners\u2019\u201d: S.D. Broughton, \u201cApplication of Mercury Venereal Complaints [pt. 1],\u201dLondon Medical Gazette, 10 May 1828, 689\u201392, 690 (emphasis in original)."},{"key":"fn32","unstructured":"John Morrison,Medicine No Mystery: Being a Brief Outline of the Principles of Medical Science, Designed as an Introduction to Their General Study as a Branch of a Liberal Education(London: Hurst, Chance, 1829), 119."},{"key":"fn33","unstructured":"Review ofOn the Unmixed Effects of Mercury on the System, by Anthony Musgrave,Medico-Chirurgical Review7 (1827): 324\u201326."},{"key":"fn34","unstructured":"G[eorg] Ludwig Dieterich,Die Merkurialkrankheit in allen ihren Formen, geschichtlich, pathologisch, diagnostisch und therapeutisch dargestellt(Leipzig: Otto Wigand, 1837), 417\u201318."},{"key":"fn35","unstructured":"Albert Carl Julius Michaelis,Compendium der Lehren von der Syphilis und der damit zusammenh\u00e4ngenden \u00e4hnlichen Krankheiten und Folgezust\u00e4nde f\u00fcr praktische \u00c4rzte und Studirende(Vienna: Wilhelm Braum\u00fcller, 1859), 378\u201379."},{"key":"fn36","unstructured":"Hermann Zeissl,Lehrbuch der constitutionellen Syphilis f\u00fcr Aerzte und H\u00f6rer der Medicin(Erlangen: Ferdinand Enke, 1864), 417."},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn37.1","unstructured":"[Alfred] Fournier, \"Neurasth\u00e9nie d'origine syphilitique. IIIe le\u00e7on [cont'd],\" Bulletin m\u00e9dical 7 (1893): 911-13, 912"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn37.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fournier, Les Affections parasyphilitiques (Paris: Rueff, 1894), 89-90. This passage reappeared, plagiarized, in Abner Post, \"Parasyphilitic Affections, or Remote Effects of Syphilis,\" Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 149 (1903): 417-22, 418.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM190310151491601"},{"key":"fn38","unstructured":"Vecki, \u201cSyphilophobia,\u201d 323. A relevant, in-depth study of the growing tension between specialization and generalization leading up to this statement is Anne R. Hanley,Medicine, Knowledge and Venereal Diseases in England, 1886\u20131916(Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017)."},{"key":"fn39","unstructured":"H. Lippert, \u201cSkizzen aus der Praxis [cont\u2019d],\u201dDeutsche Klinik6 (1854): 453\u201357, 456."},{"key":"fn40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thomas Hunt, \u201cMercury in Syphilitic Eruptions: With Especial Reference to the Use of Mercury,\u201dLondon Journal of Medicine3 (1851): 233\u201344, 235 (emphasis in original).","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.s2-3.27.233"},{"key":"fn41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Fessler, \u201cVenereal Disease Phobia in the 17th Century,\u201dThe British Journal of Venereal Diseases31 (1955): 190\u201391.","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.31.3.190"},{"key":"fn42","unstructured":"Richard Wiseman,Severall Chirurgicall Treatises(London: E. Flesher\u00a0& J. Macock, for R. Royston, 1676), appendix, 5\u20136. This book was widely read, with a sixth edition (retitledEight Chirurgical Treatises) published as late as 1734."},{"key":"fn43","unstructured":"Nicolas de Blegny,L\u2019Art de gu\u00e9rir les maladies v\u00e9n\u00e9riennes : expliqu\u00e9 par les principes de la nature & des m\u00e9chaniques, 2nded., vol. 1 (Paris: Jean Dhoury, 1677), 191."},{"key":"fn44","unstructured":"A. A. Fokker, \u201cDe syphilis in de Nederlanden [cont\u2019d],\u201dNederlandsch tijdschrift voor geneeskunde5 (1861): 451\u201372, esp. 468."},{"key":"fn45","unstructured":"William Johnson,\u1f08\u03b3\u03c5\u03c1\u03c4\u03bf-\u039c\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03b9\u03be, or, Some Brief Animadversions upon Two Late Treatises[\u2026] (London: Henry Brome, 1665), 102."},{"key":"fn46","unstructured":"Daniel Turner,Apologia Chyrurgica: A Vindication of the Noble Art of Chyrurgery from the Gross Abuses Offer\u2019d Thereunto by Mountebanks, Quacks, Barbers, etc.(London: J. Whitlock, 1695), 35."},{"key":"fn47","unstructured":"John Quincy,Medico-Physical Essays(London: W. & J. Newton, 1720), 112."},{"key":"fn48","unstructured":"J[ohn] Sintelaer,The Scourge of Venus and Mercury, Represented in a Treatise of the Venereal Disease[\u2026]Unto Which is Added, the True Way of Curing, Not Only the Consummate and Inveterate, but Also the Mercurial Pox, etc.(London: G. Harris, 1709), 221."},{"key":"fn49","unstructured":"Sintelaer,The Scourge of Venus and Mercury, 224."},{"key":"fn50","unstructured":"Caubotte, \u201cSur la contagion des maux v\u00e9n\u00e9riens,\u201dJournal de m\u00e9decine, de chirurgie et de pharmacie55 (1781): 227\u201341."},{"key":"fn51","unstructured":"Vitus Riedlin,Line\u00e6 medic\u00e6, Singulos per menses quotidie ductae, Continensis Observationes, Historias, Experimenta, Cautelas, Monita, idque genus alia in Medicina apprime utilia ex ipsa Praxi deducta. Anni MIIDCC(Augsburg: Lorenz Kroniger and heirs of Theophil Goebel, 1698), 176\u201379."},{"key":"fn52","unstructured":"Jacob Eyleman,Seventig heelkundige aanmerkinge[\u2026] (Amsterdam: Jan ten Hoorn, 1708), 39\u201345; Abraham Titsingh,Cypria tot schrik van haar bondgenooten, en redding der gestruikelden[\u2026], 2 vols. (Amsterdam: Gys, 1742), 1:144\u201346 (the treatment of one case proved fatal); Jan Daniel Schlichting,Syphilidos mnemosynon criticon[\u2026] (Amsterdam: Jacobus van Heun and Alexander Kemmer, 1741), 594\u201398; Joannes Joachimus LaGrue, prologue toKorte Reden over de nuttigheid en noodzakelykheid der Salivatie(Amsterdam: Nicolaas ten Hoorn, 1711)."},{"key":"fn53","unstructured":"Bernard Mandeville,A Treatise of Hypochondriack and Hysterick Passions, Vulgarly Called Hypo in Men, and Vapours in Women[\u2026] (London: Dryden Leach and W. Taylor, 1711), 43\u201344, cf. 143\u201344."},{"key":"fn54","unstructured":"John Marten,A Treatise of All the Degrees and Symptoms of the Venereal Disease, in Both Sexes, 6thed. (London: S. Crouch, [1708]), 41\u201343; John Marten,A Treatise of the Veneral Disease, 7thed.(London: self-pub., 1711), 353\u201358."},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn55.1","unstructured":"R.H. [Robert Heath], Paradoxical Assertions and Philosophical Problems, Full of Delight and Recreation for all Ladies and Youthful Fancies (London: R.W., 1659), 11-14"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn55.2","unstructured":"[John Dunton], Athenian Sport: Or, Two Thousand Paradoxes Merilly Argued, to Amuse and Divert the Age (London: B. Bragg, 1707), 11-13."},{"key":"fn56","unstructured":"Daniel Turner,Siphylis: A Practical Dissertation on the Venereal Disease, in Two Parts[\u2026], 2nded. (London: R. Wilkin, 1724), 96\u2013114. The first edition of 1717 did not include this passage. The fourth edition quotes Freind (see note 57)."},{"key":"fn57","unstructured":"J[ohn] Freind,The History of Physick: From the Time of Galen, to the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century, Chiefly with Regard to Practice, in a Discourse Written to Doctor Mead, 2nded., part 2 (London: J. Walthoe, 1727), 385."},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn58.1","unstructured":"Johann Georg Zimmermann, Von der Erfahrung in der Arzneykunst, vol. 2 (Zurich: Heidegger, 1764), 610-11"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn58.2","unstructured":"[Samuel Auguste Andr\u00e9 David] Tissot, Trait\u00e9 des nerfs et de leurs maladies, vol. 2, part 1 (Paris: P. F. Didot Jr., 1779), 433-34. See also John Profily, An Easy and Exact Method of Curing the Venereal Disease [\u2026], 2nd ed. (London: J. Robinson, 1748), 106-107."},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn59.1","unstructured":"F. [Fran\u00e7ois-Xavier] Swediaur, Practical Observations on the More Obstinate and Inveterate Venereal Complaints (London: J. Johnson and C. Elliot, 1784), 231-33"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn59.2","unstructured":"F. Swediaur, Practical Observations on Venereal Complaints, 2nd ed. (London: J. Johnson and C. Elliot, 1786), 232-34"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn59.3","unstructured":"F. Swediaur, Trait\u00e9 complet sur les sympt\u00f4mes, les effets, la nature et le traitement des maladies syphilitiques, 2 vols. (Paris: M\u00e9quignon, 1798), 2:393-97."},{"key":"fn60","unstructured":"Johann Ulrich Bilguer,Nachrichten an das Publicum in Absicht der Hypochondrie(Copenhagen: Johann Gottlob Rothe, 1767), 77."},{"key":"fn61","unstructured":"Herman Boerhaave; Albert Haller, ed.Praelectiones academicae in proprias institutiones rei medicae, vol. 6,Pathologia, semeiotice, hygiene, therapeutice(G\u00f6ttingen: Vandenhoeck, 1744), 347."},{"key":"fn62","unstructured":"Montagne, \u201cSur une v\u00e9role imaginaire,\u201d inConsultations choisies de plusieurs medecins c\u00e9lebres de l\u2019Universite\u00e9 de Montpellier sur des maladies aigu\u00ebs et chroniques, vol. 7 (Paris: Durand\/Pissot, 1750), 322\u201323."},{"key":"fn63","unstructured":"Fizes, \u201cSur une m\u00e9lancolie, & des vapeurs prises par le malade pour la v\u00e9role,\u201d inConsultations choisies de plusieurs medecins c\u00e9lebres de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier sur des maladies aigu\u00ebs et chroniques, vol. 9 (Paris: Durand\/Pissot, 1751), 152\u201356."},{"key":"fn64","unstructured":"Pierre Pomme,Trait\u00e9 des affections vaporeuses des deux sexes[\u2026] (Lyon: Benoit Duplain, 1763), 313\u201315."},{"key":"fn65","unstructured":"Bru,M\u00e9thode nouvelle pour traiter les maladies v\u00e9n\u00e9riennes par les g\u00e2teaux toniques mercuriels sans cl\u00f4ture et parmi les troupes sans s\u00e9jour d\u2019h\u00f4pital[.], 2 vols. (Paris: self-pub., 1789), 2:156\u201364."},{"key":"fn66","unstructured":"Benjamin Bell,A Treatise on Gonorrh\u0153a Virulenta, and Lues Venerea, 2 vols. (Edinburgh: James Watson, 1793), 1:419\u201320."},{"key":"fn67","unstructured":"Bell,Gonorrh\u0153a Virulenta, 1:313\u201315."},{"key":"fn68","unstructured":"Erasmus Darwin,Zoonomia, Or, the Laws of Organic Life, vol. 2 (London: J. Johnson, 1796), 318, 382.Tabes imaginariawould first be described by John Hunter. Darwin appears to have been referring to a passage in Hunter\u2019sA Treatise on the Venereal Disease(London, 1786), 199, in which he proposed with reference to penile discharge that \u201cthe imagination will operate so strongly as to make the patients believe they really are weakened.\u2026 Fear, and anxiety of mind may really weaken the patient. In the cases I have seen of this kind, the mind has been more affected than the body.\u201d Hunter also discussed \u201cimpotence depending on the mind\u201d (201\u20134) in great detail, ahead of progressive nineteenth-century attention toimpotentia psychica."},{"key":"fn69","unstructured":"Alexander Crichton,An Inquiry into the Nature and Origin of Mental Derangement: Comprehending a Concise System of the Physiology and Pathology of the Human Mind, and a History of the Passions and Their Effects, 2 vols. (London: T. Cadell Jr. & W. Davies, 1798), 2:240. This criticism was echoed a number of times during the nineteenth century, including by Arndt and Erlenmeyer."},{"key":"fn70","unstructured":"\u00c9tienne Tourtelle,El\u00e9ments de m\u00e9decine th\u00e9orique et pratique, 3 vols. (Strasbourg: Louis Eck, 1799), 3:88\u201389."},{"key":"fn71","unstructured":"Melchior Adam Weikard,Der philosophische Arzt, 3rd ed., vol. 3,Philosophische Arzeneykunst oder von Gebrechen der Sensationen, des Verstandes, und des Willens(Frankfurt am Main: Andre\u00e4ische Buchhandlung, 1799), 100, 273\u201375."},{"key":"fn72","unstructured":"Franz Xaver Swediaur,Novum nosologi\u00e6 methodic\u00e6 systema, 2 vols. (Halle: Libr. Orphanotrophei, 1812), 1:564."},{"key":"fn73","unstructured":"John Mason Good,A Physiological System of Nosology; With a Corrected and Simplified Nomenclature(London: Cox, 1817), 288\u201389n2."},{"key":"fn74","unstructured":"Johann Valentin M\u00fcller,Der Arzt f\u00fcr venerisch-verlarvte Krankheiten[\u2026] (Frankfurt am Main: Andrea, 1808), 190ff."},{"key":"fn75","unstructured":"Ludwig Storr,Untersuchungen \u00fcber den Begriff, die Natur und die Heilbedingungen der Hypochondrie(Stuttgart: Magazin f\u00fcr Litteratur, 1805), 72\u201375."},{"key":"fn76","unstructured":"Noddleis a British colloquialism for head (cf.nodding): W.G.R. \u201cTwo Anomalous Cases of the Venereal Disease,\u201dPhiladelphia Medical Museum6 (1808): 138\u201344."},{"key":"fn77","unstructured":"The Aesculapian Register[Philadelphia], 5 August 1824, 61."},{"key":"fn78","unstructured":"The brief statement that \u201cIt is called in England the noddle pox,\u201d occurs in lecture notes written somewhere in or after 1796: Benjamin Rush, \u201cNotes by Benjamin Rush on Venereal Disease,\u201d manuscript vol. 308, Library Company of Philadelphia, (Philadelphia? n.d.), 22, https:\/\/openn.library.upenn.edu\/Data\/0012\/html\/rush_mss_volume_308.html. In 1770 Rush saw a female patient with venereal sores, whose acute abdominal pains he identified as \u201cthe mark of anhypochondriasis, brought on by trouble of mind\u201d: Benjamin Rush, \u201cAn Account of the Usefulness of Wort in Some Ill-Conditioned Ulcers,\u201dGentleman\u2019s and London Magazine, April 1771, 235\u201336, 235. Much later, he briefly suggested that \u201cthe pains produced by fear acting upon the imagination in supposed venereal infections, are as real and severe as they are in the worst state of that disease\u201d: Benjamin Rush,Medical Inquiries and Observations, 2nded., 4 vols. (Philadelphia: M. & J. Conrad, 1805), 2:311. Rush subsequently singled out venereal disease as a focus of hypochondriasis, ortristimania: Benjamin Rush,Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases of the Mind(Philadelphia: Kimber & Richardson, 1812), 80, 107. The termnoddle poxrecalls a passage in Robinson,A New Treatise, which offers the following: \u201cThere is one Species of the Pox yet behind that is most difficult of Cure and that is when the Pox gets into the Noddle and rivets so fast upon the Mind that nothing can remove his Prejudices. This is a State of Mind and Body in which the Patient has the Misfortune to dream of the Pox. In this Case he as certainly feels it tho awake as if he really had it in the most deplorable Manner.\u201d Robinson reportedly \u201cmet with several Patients, under this complexional Delusion,\u201d to which he considered prone \u201cPeople of lax Nerves, weak Spirits, and a splenetic Disposition\u201d: Robinson,A New Treatise, 376, cf. 145\u201347."},{"key":"fn79","unstructured":"August Friedrich Hecker, Deutliche Anweisung, die venerischen Krankheiten genau zu erkennen und richtig zu behandeln, 3rded. (Erfurt: Keyser, 1812), 110."},{"key":"fn80","unstructured":"The term appears in, for example, H. L. von Guttceit [Hugo Leonard von Gutzeit, (1811\u201382)],Dreissig Jahre Praxis: Erfahrungen am Krankenbett und im \u00e4rztlichen Kabinet, 2 vols. (Vienna: Braum\u00fcller, 1873), 1:308."},{"key":"fn81","unstructured":"Some coeval discussants of hypochondria notably mentioned spermatorrhoea and impotence but not syphilis: \u201cA Severe Form of Hypochondriasis takes place in Youths from an indulgence in onanism. It is attended with the dread of impotency and involuntary emissions of semen during the night and on [sic] having an alvine evacuation\u201d: Marshall Hall,On Diagnosis, part 2 (London: Longman, 1817), 120. The etiological distinction between onanism as nervous-cerebral shock and as focus for health anxiety \u2013 that is, the neurological and psychiatric senses of hypochondriasis \u2013 here remains unclear; with respect to masturbation, both senses are evident from the early eighteenth century onward."},{"key":"fn82","unstructured":"[Samuel Auguste Andr\u00e9 David] Tissot,L\u2019Onanisme; ou dissertation sur les maladies produites par la masturbation(Lausanne: Antoine Chapuis, 1760), 190."},{"key":"fn83","unstructured":"F. [Claude-Fran\u00e7ois] Mich\u00e9a, \u201cDu si\u00e8ge de la nature intime des symptomes et du diagnostic de l\u2019hypochondrie,\u201dM\u00e9moires de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie de m\u00e9decine10 (1843): 573\u2013654, esp. 637."},{"key":"fn84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R[udolph] Leubuscher,Grundz\u00fcge zur Pathologie der psychischen Krankheiten: Erl\u00e4utert an Krankengeschichten(Berlin: G. Reimer, 1848), 81.","DOI":"10.1515\/9783112430507"},{"key":"fn85","unstructured":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Dubois,Histoire philosophique de l\u2019hypochondrie et de l\u2019hyst\u00e9rie(Paris: Bailli\u00e8re, 1837), 102\u2013104."},{"key":"fn86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"One appreciates, in this light, the diagnosis ofsyphilophobia medicaapplied to a book arguing that syphilis underlay all pathology:British Medical Journal1 (1895): 440.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.1782.433"},{"key":"fn87","unstructured":"Henry Bracken,Lithiasis Anglicana[\u2026] (London: T. Cooper, 1739), 18 (emphasis in original). This anticipated the irony, traced by Allan Brandt, that in the US of the 1920s and 1930s under Surgeon General Thomas Parran, \u201csyphilophobia, rather than prophylaxis, became an elemental aspect of the campaign against the venereal diseases\u201d: Allan M. Brandt,No Magic Bullet: A Social History of Venereal Disease in the United States since 1880, rev. ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987), 160. Vecki, \u201cSyphilophobia,\u201d 325, had already advocated a well-dosed, \u201cwholesomesyphilophobia.\u201d"},{"key":"fn88","unstructured":"See, for instance, Jean Pierre Terras,Trait\u00e9-pratique de la maladie v\u00e9n\u00e9rienne, ou syphilitique, avec des remarques et observations(Paris: J.J. Paschoud, 1810),x\u2013xiii."},{"key":"fn89","unstructured":"S[\u00e9raphin] Lachome,Essai sur les maladies v\u00e9n\u00e9riennes inv\u00e9t\u00e9r\u00e9es[\u2026] (Paris: Didot Jr., 1808), 43."},{"key":"fn90","unstructured":"Christoph Wilhelm von Hufeland,Die Kunst das menschliche Leben zu verl\u00e4ngern(Jena: Akademische Buchhandlung, 1797), 528\u201329."},{"key":"fn91","unstructured":"J.C.G. Fricke, ed.Annalen der chirurgischen Abtheilung des allgemeinen Krankenhauses in Hamburg, vol. 1 (Hamburg, 1828)."},{"key":"fn92","unstructured":"Georg Friedrich Most,Encyklop\u00e4die der gesammten medicinischen und chirurgischen Praxis, mit Einschluss der Geburtsh\u00fclfe, der Augenheilkunde und der Operativchirurgie, 2 vols. (Leipzig: Brockhaus, 1833\u201334), 1:807, 2:581."},{"key":"fn93","unstructured":"Ernst August Ludwig H\u00fcbener,Die gastrischen Krankheiten, 2 vols. (Leipzig: F.A. Brockhaus, 1844), 1:303."},{"key":"fn94","unstructured":"J[ulius] Friedlieb,Ueber Hypochondrie mit Ber\u00fccksichtigung der Syphilidophobie(Sobernheim: Campo, 1852), 11\u201312, 14."},{"key":"fn95","unstructured":"Richard von Krafft-Ebing,Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie, 3 vols. (Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1879\u201380), 1:8."},{"key":"fn96","unstructured":"Arthur E. Mink, \u201cThe Symptomatology of Syphilitic Insanity,\u201dMedicine[Detroit] 2 (1896): 825\u201334."},{"key":"fn97","unstructured":"P. Mei\u00dfner, \u201cBeitrag zur Verwendung des Sanatogens bei sexueller Neurasthenie,\u201dTherapeutische Monatshefte20 (1906): 245\u201348; Ch. Audry, \u201cDe la syphilomanie et de la syphilophobie,\u201dAnnales de dermatologie et de syphiligraphie, 4thser., 9 (1908): 129\u201340; William J. Robinson, \u201cVenerophobia; Or, the Obsessive Fear of Venereal Infection,\u201dMedico-Pharmaceutical Critic and Guide16 (1913): 240\u201342."},{"key":"fn98","unstructured":"H[ans] Schuermann, \u201c\u00dcber das Syndrom des Geschlechtskrankheitenwahns,\u201dHautarzt3 (1952): 296\u201398."},{"key":"fn99","unstructured":"Siegfried Borelli, \u201cDie Bedeutung der Psychosomatik f\u00fcr die praktische Dermatologie,\u201d in Alfred Marchionini, ed.Fortschritte der Praktischen Dermatologie und Venerologie: Vortr\u00e4ge des II. Fortbildungskurses der dermatologischen Klinik und Poliklinik der Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen vom 26.\u201331. Juli 1954(Berlin: Springer, 1955), 232\u201344."},{"key":"fn100","unstructured":"H[enri] Dagonet,Trait\u00e9 \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire et pratique des maladies mentales suivi de consid\u00e9rations pratiques sur l\u2019administration des asiles d\u2019ali\u00e9n\u00e9s(Paris: Bailli\u00e8re, 1862), 226\u201327; Benda, \u201cSyphilidophobie.\u201d"},{"key":"fn101","unstructured":"Louis-Fran\u00e7ois-R\u00e9gis-Adolphe Richond des Brus,De la non-existence du virus v\u00e9n\u00e9rien, prouv\u00e9e par le raisonnement, l\u2019observation et exp\u00e9rience, 2 vols. (Paris: Delaunay, 1826), 1:285\u201390."},{"key":"fn102","unstructured":"Caleb Crowther, \u201cMiscellaneous Medical Communications,\u201dEdinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal25 (1826): 43\u201362, 59, 62. Pertinent section translated as \u201cWinke zum Stellen einer Prognose in von Geisteszerr\u00fcttung,\u201dNotizen aus dem Gebiete der Natur- und Heilkunde13 (1826): 233\u201340."},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn103.1","unstructured":"Louis Jacques B\u00e9gin, Dictionnaire des termes de m\u00e9decine, chirurgie, art v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, pharmacie, histoire naturelle, botanique, physique, chimie, etc. (Paris: Bailli\u00e8re, 1823), 550"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn103.2","unstructured":"P.H. [Pierre-Hubert] Nysten, Dictionnaire de m\u00e9decine, de chirurgie, de pharmacie, des sciences accessoires, et de l'art v\u00e9t\u00e9rinaire, 4th ed. (Paris: J.A. Brosson, 1824), 724."},{"key":"fn104","unstructured":"Des Brus,De la non-existence, 1:161, 189, 323, 443, 520; 2:75, 125, 236, 283, 505."},{"key":"fn105","unstructured":"Marie-Nicolas Devergie,Clinique de la maladie syphilitique, 2 vols. (Paris: F.M. Maurice, 1826\u201331), 1:119n, 193; 2:147, 159, 176, 252, 254, 261."},{"key":"fn106","unstructured":"F.J.V. [Fran\u00e7ois-Joseph-Victor] Broussais,Commentaires des propositions de pathologie, 2 vols. (Brussels: La Librairie M\u00e9dicale et Scientifique, 1829), 1:436."},{"key":"fn107","unstructured":"Ludwig August Kraus,Kritisch-etymologisches medicinisches Lexikon, 2nded. (G\u00f6ttingen: Rudolph Deuerlich, 1826), 802. The term (syphilomania\/syphilodomania) was not yet included in the first edition of 1821."},{"key":"fn108","unstructured":"Georg Friedrich Handschuch,Die syphilitischen Krankheitsformen und ihre Heilung(Munich: Franckh, 1831), 90."},{"key":"fn109","unstructured":"Eduard M. Ingarden,Syphilidologie nach gel\u00e4uterten haematopathologischen Ansichten und Erfahrungen(Vienna: Karl Ueberreuter, 1845), 157\u201358."},{"key":"fn110","unstructured":"[Jakob Heinrich] Robbi, \u201cBeleuchtung des hom\u00f6opathischen Heilverfahrens bei Behandlung venerischer Schanker nebst einigen Bemerkungen \u00fcber die gegenw\u00e4rtige Behandlungsart der venerischen Krankheit in Rom,\u201dJournal der Chirurgie und Augenheilkunde18 (1832): 56\u2013100, 75\u201376."},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn111.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[Gabriel] Andral, \"Lectures on Medical Pathology, Delivered in the University of Paris, Session 1833. Lecture IV. Mental Alienation,\" The Lancet 19 (1833): 550-53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)95200-1"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn111.2","unstructured":"[Jean-Baptiste] Louyer Villermay, Trait\u00e9 des vapeurs, ou maladies nerveuses, et particuli\u00e8rement de l'hyst\u00e9rie et de l'hypocondrie, rev. ed., 2 vols. (Paris: Germer-Bailli\u00e8re, 1832), 1:360-62. Louyer Villermay earlier distinguished hypochondriac \"crainte de la folie, des syncopes, et des accidents attribu\u00e9s au mercure. Les femmes redoutent en outre les maladies qui leur sont particuli\u00e8res\": Louyer Villermay, Trait\u00e9 des maladies nerveuses ou vapeurs, et particuli\u00e8rement de l'hyst\u00e9rie \u00e0 l'hypocondrie (Paris: M\u00e9quignon, 1816), 763."},{"key":"fn112","unstructured":"S.F. [F\u00e9lix-S\u00e9verin] Ratier, \u201cM\u00e9moire en r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 cette question\u00a0: Quelles sont les mesures de police m\u00e9dicale les plus propres \u00e0 arr\u00eater la propagation de la maladie v\u00e9n\u00e9rienne?\u201dAnnales d\u2019hygi\u00e8ne publique et de m\u00e9decine l\u00e9gale16 (1836): 262\u201397, 276."},{"key":"fn113","unstructured":"D. Seutin (reporter), J.R. [Jean-Romuald] Marinus and D. Vialle-Ponty, \u201cRapport fait \u00e0 la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Sciences m\u00e9dicales et naturelles de Bruxelles sur les m\u00e9moires qui lui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 adress\u00e9s en r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 cette question, \u2018Quelles sont les mesures de police m\u00e9dicale les plus propres \u00e0 arr\u00e9ter la propagation de la maladie syphilitique,\u2019\u201dBulletin m\u00e9dical Belge et \u00e9tranger1 (1836): 31\u201333. This and Ratier\u2019s text can be found reprinted in theAnnales de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des sciences m\u00e9dicales et naturelles de Bruxelles, Ann\u00e9e 1836(Brussels: Imprimerie Encyclographique, 1837), 5\u201310, 15\u201318."},{"key":"fn114","unstructured":"[Philippe] Ricord, \u201cConsid\u00e9rations pratiques sur le chancre pour servir \u00e0 la th\u00e9rapeutique des affections syphilitiques,\u201dBulletin g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de th\u00e9rapeutique11 (1836): 49\u201359, 92\u201399, 119\u201324, 187\u201394, 281\u201388, 122."},{"key":"fn115","unstructured":"Ph[ilippe] Ricord,Trait\u00e9 pratique des maladies v\u00e9n\u00e9riennes(Paris: Rouvier & Le Bouvier, 1838), 542, 619."},{"key":"fn116","unstructured":"\u201cObservations sur un cas pr\u00e9tendu de syphilis larv\u00e9e,\u201dJournal de m\u00e9decine et de chirurgie pratique11 (1840): 385\u201388."},{"key":"fn117","unstructured":"De Rolandis, \u201cQuali sono le mistre di polizi a medica le pi\u00f9 capaci a frenare la propagazione del morbo sifilitico,\u201dGazzetta eclettica di chimica farmaceutica-medica-tecnologica e di rispettiva letteratura, 2ndser., 6 (1837): 417\u201319."},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn118.1","unstructured":"[Review], Allgemeines Repertorium der gesammten deutschen medizinisch chirurgischen Journalistik, n.s., 1 (1837): 143"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn118.2","unstructured":"[review], Zeitschrift f\u00fcr die gesammte Medicin mit besonderer R\u00fccksicht auf Hospitalpraxis und ausl\u00e4ndische Literatur 5 (1837): 554-55"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn118.3","unstructured":"Philippe Ricord, Untersuchungen \u00fcber die Anwendung der Inoculation zum Studium der venerischen Krankheiten nebst einem therapeutischen Ueberblick und Formulare (Reutlingen: Ensslin & Laiblin, 1838), 368"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn118.4","unstructured":"Philippe Ricord, Praktische Abhandlung \u00fcber die venerischen Krankheiten oder kritische Untersuchungen und Experimente \u00fcber die auf das Studium dieser Krankheiten angewendete Inoculation, trans. Herrmann M\u00fcller (Leipzig: Michelsen, 1838), 272, 315"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn118.5","unstructured":"Philippe Ricord, Over den aard en de geneeswijze der syphilis, trans. J.C. Focke (Amsterdam: C.G. Sulpke, 1839), 188."},{"key":"fn119","unstructured":"[Fran\u00e7ois-Guillaume-Aim\u00e9] Cullerier and [F\u00e9lix-S\u00e9verin] Ratier, \u201cSyphilis,\u201d inDictionnaire de m\u00e9decine et de chirurgie pratiques, vol. 15 (Paris: Gabon, 1836), 176\u2013234, 220."},{"key":"fn120","unstructured":"Fran\u00e7ois Maurice Voisin,Consid\u00e9rations sur le ptyalisme mercuriel et la syphilomanie; th\u00e8se[\u2026] (Paris: Didot Jr., 1834), 10."},{"key":"fn121","unstructured":"Victor Duhordel,Consid\u00e9rations m\u00e9dico-philosophiques sur l\u2019influence du moral dans la production et le traitement des maladies; th\u00e8se[\u2026] (Paris: Didot Jr., 1836), 38\u201339."},{"key":"fn122","unstructured":"Adolf M\u00fchry,Darstellungen und Ansichten zur Vergleichung der Medicin in Frankreich, England und Deutschland: Nach einer Reise in diesen L\u00e4ndern im Jahre 1835(Hannover: Hahn, 1836), 99\u2013100."},{"key":"fn123","unstructured":"See, for example, P. Baum\u00e8s, \u201cDe la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 contagieuse de certains suintements blennaorrh\u00e9iques anciens r\u00e9put\u00e9s innocents,\u201dL\u2019Exp\u00e9rience, journal de m\u00e9decine et de chirurgie5 (1840): 1\u201310."},{"key":"fn124","unstructured":"OED Online, s.v. \u201csyphilomania,n.\u201d accessed 29 May 2020, https:\/\/oed.com\/view\/Entry\/343623?redirectedFrom=syphilomania."},{"key":"fn125","unstructured":"\u201cVulgarly, Noddle Pox. A mania, with which some persons are affected, so that they will subject themselves to antivenereal treatment; under the belief, that they are affected with syphilis, of which they may have been previously cured\u201d: Robley Dunglison,A New Dictionary of Medical Science and Literature, 2 vols. (Boston: Charles Bowen, 1833), 2:348. The seventh (1848) edition offered the contractionnoddlepoxas a lemma."},{"key":"fn126","unstructured":"Robley Dunglison,Medical Lexicon: A Dictionary of Medical Science, 3rded. (Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard, 1842), 672."},{"key":"fn127","unstructured":"William Acton,Practical Treatise on Diseases of the Urinary and Generative Organs in Both Sexes, 2nded. (London: John Churchill, 1851), 602\u20139. The use of the term \u201clate\u201d in this passage confusingly suggests Acton assumed Ricord had passed away. The phrasing was corrected in the book\u2019s third (1860) edition. Parts of this section were reproduced in \u201cSyphiliphobia,\u201dJournal of Psychological Medicine and Mental Pathology4 (1851): 456\u201357, with the promise, \u201cIn a future number we may revert to this important subject\u201d; this evidently did not happen."},{"key":"fn128","unstructured":"[Phillipe] Ricord, \u201cAccidents tertiaires de la v\u00e9role constitutionnelle. De l\u2019exostose [cont\u2019d],\u201dLa Lancette fran\u00e7aise, 2ndser., 19 (1846): 78\u201379, esp. 79."},{"key":"fn129","unstructured":"[Phillipe] Ricord, \u201cDu traitement des accidents secondaires de la syphilis. Des correctifs, des adjuvants, des succ\u00e9dan\u00e9s de mercure [cont\u2019d],\u201dLa Lancette fran\u00e7aise, 2ndser., 18 (1845): 453\u201354 (emphasis in original)."},{"key":"fn130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"John Chiene, \u201cAddress in Surgery,\u201dBritish Medical Journal2 (1891): 235\u201339, 236. The gesture was duly noted in T. D. \u201cPsychical Aspects of Surgery,\u201dAlienist and Neurologist12 (1891): 641.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.1596.235"},{"key":"fn131","unstructured":"Percy Pickford,Ueber wahre und eingebildete Saamenverluste zur Berichtigung verbreiteter Irrth\u00fcmer und zum Troste vieler Hypochonder(Heidelberg: Bangel & Schmitt, 1851), 4."},{"key":"fn132","unstructured":"Richard von Krafft-Ebing,Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie, 2nded., 2 vols. (Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1883), 2:40\u201343."},{"key":"fn133","unstructured":"Friedrich Wilhelm M\u00fcller, Compendium der Geschichte, Pathologie und Therapie der venerischen Krankheiten(Erlangen: Ferdinand Enke, 1869), 35."},{"key":"fn134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thos. K. Chambers, \u201cClinical Lecture on Gonorrh\u0153a and Imaginary Spermatorrh\u0153a,\u201dThe Lancet77 (1861): 582\u201383.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)44896-9"},{"key":"fn135","unstructured":"J.T. [James Tyler] Kent,Sexual Neuroses(St. Louis: Maynard & Tedford, 1879), 71\u201374."},{"key":"fn136","unstructured":"R.E. Holder, \u201cVenereal Diseases,\u201dMedical and Surgical Monitor2 (1899): 49\u201357."},{"key":"fn137","unstructured":"\u201cSpermatophobia, Syphilophobia, Uterophobia,\u201dEclectic Medical Journal44 (1884): 216\u201318."},{"key":"fn138","unstructured":"See, for instance, Dagonet,Trait\u00e9 \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire, 226\u201327."},{"key":"fn139","unstructured":"The termneuro-syphilisappears in [Julius] Althaus, \u201cOn Neuro-Syphilitic Affections,\u201dMedical Times and Gazette[London] 2 (1871), 616\u201317, 645\u201346. The German termsNervensyphilisandHirnsyphilisappear from at least as early as 1862; the notion of a specific neurological syndrome consequent to syphilis was widely alluded to in the French literature from 1860 as well. See Gros and Lancereaux,Des Affections nerveuses syphilitiques; Dagonet,Trait\u00e9 \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire, 226\u201330; N[ikolaus] Manssurow,Die terti\u00e4re Syphilis. Gehirnleiden, Geisteskrankheiten (Psychosen) und deren Behandlung(Vienna: Wilhelm Braum\u00fcller, 1877), 148ff; Pasquale Pirocchi, \u201cSifilide e pazzia. Schizzo psichiatrico,\u201dGiornale italiano delle malattie veneree e della pelle13 (1878): 237\u201384; James G. Kiernan, \u201cThe Psychoses of Secondary Fever of Syphilis,\u201dJournal of Nervous and Mental Disease7 (1880): 449\u201365; Paul Kowalewsky-Charkoff, \u201cGeistesst\u00f6rungen bei Syphilis,\u201dAllgemeine Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Psychiatrie und psychisch-gerichtliche Medicin50 (1894): 40\u201396; Mink, \u201cThe Symptomatology of Syphilitic Insanity\u201d; Benda, \u201cSyphilidophobie.\u201d"},{"key":"fn140","unstructured":"D[aniel] Hack Tuke,A Dictionary of Psychological Medicine, 2 vols. (London: J. & A. Churchill, 1892), 1:1253."},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn141.1","unstructured":"P[aul] Diday, \"Sur la syphiliphobie,\" Annales de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de m\u00e9decine de Lyon, 2nd ser., 8 (1860): 393-409"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn141.2","unstructured":"reprinted, with a rejoining letter, in a journal founded by Diday, the Gazette m\u00e9dicale de Lyon 13 (1861): 37-40, 57-60"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn141.3","unstructured":"reviewed in British Medical Journal 1 (1861): 286. Diday had earlier commented, less discriminatingly: \"Le syphilophobe n'est pas difficile \u00e0 reconna\u00eetre"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn141.4","unstructured":"il se diagnostique \u00e0 premi\u00e8re vue, \u00e0 distance. Son air myst\u00e9rieux et affair\u00e9, la longueur de ses pr\u00e9ambules, ses incoercibles redites, la pr\u00e9occupation que toute sa personnes exprime, l'ont trahi avant m\u00eame qu'il n'ait abord\u00e9 le sujet de sa visite. Ajoutez qu'il ne rit jamais, qu'infailliblement il a d\u00e9j\u00e0 pris de la salsepareille. et vous avez tout son portrait\": \"Des Douleurs qui peuvent coexister avec la syphilis constitutionnelle. VI. Douleurs imaginaires,\" Gazette m\u00e9dicale de Paris 49 (1850): 876-78, 877."},{"key":"fn142","unstructured":"Jean Gamescasse, \u201cLes Aspects de la syphiliphobie,\u201dGazette m\u00e9dicale de France, 15 November 1935, n.p.; reprinted inL\u2019Association m\u00e9dicale39 (1936): 23\u201324, 26."},{"key":"fn143","unstructured":"Post, \u201cParasyphilitic Affections.\u201d"},{"key":"fn144","unstructured":"As reviewed inMonatsschrift f\u00fcr praktische Dermatologie39 (1904): 278."},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn145.1","unstructured":"Alfred Adler, \"Syphilidophobie: Ein Beitrag zur Bedeutung der Phobien und der Hypochondrie in der Dynamik der Neurose,\" Zentralblatt f\u00fcr Psychoanalyse 1 (1911): 400-406"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn145.2","unstructured":"Wilhelm Stekel, \"Einige Bemerkungen zur Rettungsphantasie und die Analyse eines Rettungstraumes,\" Zentralblatt f\u00fcr Psychoanalyse 1 (1911): 591-93."},{"key":"fn146","unstructured":"M[osche] Wulff, \u201cZur Psychologie der Syphilophobie,\u201dZentralblatt f\u00fcr Psychoanalyse3 (1913): 152\u201353."},{"key":"fn147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.A. Hadfield, \u201cThe Nature and Cause of Phobias, with Special Reference to Syphilophobia,\u201dThe British Journal of Venereal Diseases14 (1938): 119\u201326, and discussion 127\u201333.","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.14.2.119"},{"key":"fn148","unstructured":"Sigmund Freud,Neue Folge der Forlesungen zur Einf\u00fchrung in die Psychoanalyse(Vienna: Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag, 1933), 123."},{"key":"fn149","unstructured":"Charles MacLaurin,Mere Mortals: Medico-Historical Essays(New York: George H. Doran, 1925),xi."},{"key":"fn150","unstructured":"Modern Attitudes in Psychiatry: The March of Medicine, 1945(New York Academy of Medicine, 1945), 143."},{"key":"fn151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frank E. Cormia, \u201cSyphilophobia and Allied Anxiety States,\u201dCanadian Medical Association Journal39 (1938): 361\u201366; Schuermann, \u201c\u00dcber das Syndrom\u201d; Pierre de Graciansky and E. Stern, \u201cLa Syphilophobie,\u201dLa Semaine des h\u00f4pitaux de Paris29 (1953): 2911\u201315; Ida Macalpine, \u201cSyphilophobia: A Psychiatric Study,\u201dThe British Journal of Venereal Diseases33 (1957): 92\u201399.","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.33.2.92"},{"key":"fn152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. de C. Kite and A. Grimble, \u201cPsychiatric Aspects of Venereal Disease,\u201dThe British Journal of Venereal Diseases39 (1963): 173\u201380, 173.","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.39.3.173"},{"key":"fn153","unstructured":"\u201cRapport omtrent de syphilitischen,\u201dArchief voor geneeskunde3 (1843): 589\u201396."},{"key":"fn154","unstructured":"\u201cRapport omtrent de syphilitischen,\u201dArchief voor geneeskunde5 (1846): 550\u201365."},{"key":"fn155","unstructured":"Wurfbain, \u201cOverzigt over de lijders op de afdeeling syphilis in het Buiten Gasthuis verpleegd van 1e. januarij tot ult. december 1866,\u201dNederlandsch tijdschrift voor geneeskunde, 2ndser., 3 (1867): 208\u201319."},{"key":"fn156","unstructured":"\u00c4rztlicher Bericht \u00fcber das k.k. allgemeine Krankenhaus zu Wien von Civil-Jahre 1856(Vienna: A. Pichler, 1857), 160\u201361."},{"key":"fn157","unstructured":"Ferd[inand] Hauser, \u201cJahresbericht \u00fcber die Klinik und Abtheilung f\u00fcr Syphilis erstattet f\u00fcr das Jahr 1857 [Pt. 1],\u201dZeitschrift der K.K. Gesellschaft der \u00c4rzte zu Wien14 (1858): 537\u201340."},{"key":"fn158","unstructured":"\u00c4rztlicher Bericht \u00fcber das k.k. allgemeine Krankenhaus zu Wien von Civil-Jahre 1858(Vienna: A. L\u00f6wer, 1859), 178, 180."},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn159.1","unstructured":"[Georg] Lewin, \"Klinik f\u00fcr Syphilis,\" Charit\u00e9-annalen [C-a] 1 (1876): 620-50"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn159.2","unstructured":"Lewin, \"Aus der Klinik f\u00fcr Syphilis,\" C-a 2 (1877): 601-8"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn159.3","unstructured":"\"Klinik f\u00fcr Syphilis,\" C-a 5 (1880): 122-25"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn159.4","unstructured":"\"Klinik f\u00fcr Syphilis,\" C-a 6 (1881): 88-89"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn159.5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\"Klinik f\u00fcr Syphilis,\" C-a 17 (1877): 114-15.","DOI":"10.1038\/017114a0"},{"key":"fn160","unstructured":"L. Duncan Bulkley, \u201cAnalysis of 8,000 Cases of Skin Disease,\u201dArchives of Dermatology8 (1882): 289\u2013318."},{"key":"fn161","unstructured":"Frederick L. Hoffman,The Statistical Experience Data of the Johns Hopkins Hospital Baltimore, Md., 1892\u20131911 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1913), 89."},{"key":"fn162","unstructured":"John L. Laird, \u201cA Preliminary Report on the Technique and Statistic Results of the Wassermann Reaction\u201d (presented to the Section on Medicine, Medical Society of the State of Pennsylvania, Harrisburg Session, 26 September 1911)."},{"key":"fn163","unstructured":"Annual Report of the Oregon Social Hygiene Society, vol. 2 (Portland: Oregon Social Hygiene Society, 1913), 34, 35; vol. 4 (1915), 40, 41; vol. 5 (1916), 39, 40."},{"key":"fn164","unstructured":"Cormia, \u201cSyphilophobia.\u201d Compare earlier, unelaborated observations on mercuriophobia such as by Zeissl, who had \u201cnever yet found this psychopathy in persons belonging to the lower order of people but only in those of the more affluent class\u201d: H[ermann] Zeissl,Grundriss der Pathologie und Therapie der Syphilis und der mit dieser verwandten venerischen Krankheiten(Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1876), 328."},{"key":"fn165","unstructured":"W. Dubreuilh, \u201cLa Syphilophobie danger social,\u201dJournal de m\u00e9decine de Bordeaux et de la Region du Sud-Ouest88 (1917): 228\u201329, 229."},{"key":"fn166","unstructured":"Turner,Syphilis, 110, emphasis in original."},{"key":"fn167","unstructured":"Robert Druitt,The Surgeon\u2019s Vade Mecum, 6thed. (London: Henry Renshaw, 1854), 570. InThe English Malady(1733), George Cheyne had already prescribed calomel for what he callednervous distempers."},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn168.1","unstructured":"Louis-Vivant Lagneau, Expos\u00e9 des sympt\u00f4mes de la maladie v\u00e9n\u00e9rienne [\u2026], 5th ed. (Paris: Gabon, 1818), 475"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn168.2","unstructured":"Louis-Vivant Lagneau, Trait\u00e9 pratique des maladies syphilitiques (Brussels: Remy, 1828), 349."},{"key":"fn169","unstructured":"Ricord,Trait\u00e9 pratique, 619\u201320 (emphasis in original)."},{"key":"fn170","unstructured":"Rush,Medical Inquiries and Observations upon the Diseases, 105."},{"key":"fn171","unstructured":"Edmond[-Jean-Joseph] Langlebert,Trait\u00e9 th\u00e9orique et pratique des maladies v\u00e9n\u00e9riennes: le\u00e7ons cliniques sur les affections blennorrhagiques, le chancre et la syphilis(Paris: F. Savy, 1864), 422\u201323. See also William Holme Van Buren and Edward Lawrence Keyes,A Practical Treatise on the Surgical Diseases of the Genito-urinary Organs, Including Syphilis, Designed as a Manual for Students and Practitioners, with Engravings and Cases(New York: D. Appleton, 1876), 556."},{"key":"fn172","unstructured":"Jeanselme, \u201cDes M\u00e9faits.\u201d"},{"key":"fn173","unstructured":"Schuster, \u201cBemerkungen \u00fcber die therapeutische Verwerthung der Hypnose,\u201dTherapeutische Monatshefte3 (1889): 315\u201319."},{"key":"fn174","unstructured":"\u00c9[douard] Jeanselme and Paul Chevallier, \u201cRecherches sur les m\u00e9ningopathies syphilitiques secondaires cliniquement latentes [pt. 1],\u201dRevue de m\u00e9decine23 (1912): 329\u201373, esp. 362."},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn175.1","unstructured":"Arthur Jordan, \"Beitrag zur Frage der praktischen Bedeutung der Wassermannschen Reaktion bei Syphilis,\" Monatshefte f\u00fcr praktische Dermatologie 49 (1909): 339-48"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn175.2","unstructured":"Hans M\u00fchsam, \"Syphilophobie und Wassermannsche Reaktion,\" Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Krankenpflege 31 (1909): 225-28"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn175.3","unstructured":"Hans M\u00fchsam, \"Die bisherigen Ergebnisse der Wassermannschen Luesreaktion f\u00fcr die Praxis,\" Zeitschrift f\u00fcr \u00e4rztliche Fortbildung 7 (1910): 11ff."},{"key":"fn176","unstructured":"Jordan, \u201cBeitrag,\u201d 341."},{"key":"fn177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, \u201cVenerophobia,\u201d 242; Frederick Mayer, \u201cModern Aspects of Syphilophobia,\u201dAmerican Medicine35 (1929): 165ff.","DOI":"10.2307\/1838478"},{"key":"fn178","unstructured":"Paul Michon, \u201cEn face du syphilophobe moderne,\u201dLa Presse m\u00e9dicale36 (1928): 636ff."},{"key":"fn179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James Herbert Mitchell, \u201cMenace of the Slightly Positive Wassermann Reaction,\u201dJournal of the American Medical Association87 (1926): 1351\u201355.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1926.02680170005002"},{"key":"fn180","unstructured":"Macalpine, \u201cSyphilophobia,\u201d 96."}],"container-title":["Canadian Bulletin of Medical History"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/utpjournals.press\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/cbmh.432-032020","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,9]],"date-time":"2022-11-09T12:24:52Z","timestamp":1667996692000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/utpjournals.press\/doi\/10.3138\/cbmh.432-032020"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"references-count":208,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3138\/cbmh.432-032020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/cbmh.432-032020","relation":{},"ISSN":["0823-2105","2371-0179"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0823-2105","type":"print"},{"value":"2371-0179","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}}}