{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T01:11:04Z","timestamp":1658365864936},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)","issue":"S1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Canadian Bulletin of Medical History"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> In this article I argue that the scarcity of painkillers in the Global South is driven by a central asymmetry in which the health of developed countries is valued over that of the much poorer countries that comprise the rest of the world. To elucidate this point, I argue that by examining the history of various legal institutions and specific events, like the opioid crisis, that have shaped the global production of opium and production in India, one will be able to see the genealogy of the imbalance and inequality that has always affected care. I turn to the state of Kerala to explore instances in which these legal inflections live within the contemporary guidelines for palliative care, and thus constantly affect the supply and delivery of care. This also ties in with the much longer history of opium control for the growth of the global pharmaceutical industry, within which India has been uniquely placed. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3138\/cbmh.482-102020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T22:41:26Z","timestamp":1636152086000},"page":"S118-S142","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Grappling with Morphine: A Local History of Painkiller Use in Kerala, India"],"prefix":"10.3138","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Nishanth","family":"Kunnukattil Shaji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nishanth Kunnukattil Shaji \u2013 Department of Science and Technology Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1696","reference":[{"key":"fn1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.R. Rajagopal, David E. Joranson, and Aaron M. Gilson, \u201cMedical Use, Misuse, and Diversion of Opioids in India,\u201d The Lancet 358, no. 9276 (2001): 139\u201343.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05322-3"},{"key":"fn2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katherine Pettus et al., \u201cEnsuring and Restoring Balance on Access to Controlled Substances for Medical and Scientific Purposes: Joint Statement from Palliative Care Organizations,\u201d Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy 32, nos. 2\u20133 (2018): 124\u201328.","DOI":"10.1080\/15360288.2018.1488792"},{"key":"fn3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Margaret Wootton, \u201cMorphine Is Not the Only Analgesic in Palliative Care: Literature Review,\u201d Journal of Advanced Nursing 45, no. 5 (2004): 527\u201332.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2003.02936.x"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn4.1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savita Butola, \"They Suffer in Silence,\" Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy 26, no. 2 (2012): 167-69","DOI":"10.3109\/15360288.2012.679336"},{"key":"#cr-split#-fn4.2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"and N.I. Cherny et al., \"Formulary Availability and Regulatory Barriers to Accessibility of Opioids for Cancer Pain in Europe: A Report from the ESMO\/EAPC Opioid Policy Initiative,\" Annals of Oncology 21, no. 3 (2010): 615-26.","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdp581"},{"key":"fn5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.R. Rajagopal, Safiya Karim, and Christopher M. Booth, \u201cOral Morphine Use in South India: A Population-Based Study,\u201d Journal of Global Oncology 3, no. 6 (2017): 720\u201327.","DOI":"10.1200\/JGO.2016.007872"},{"key":"fn6","unstructured":"Jeremy Laurance, \u201cIndia\u2019s Movement to Help People Die Better,\u201d The Atlantic, 28 February 2017, https:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/health\/archive\/2017\/02\/india-palliative-care\/517995\/."},{"key":"fn7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suresh K. Kumar, \u201cKerala, India: A Regional Community-Based Palliative Care Model,\u201d Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 33, no. 5 (2007): 623\u201327.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2007.02.005"},{"key":"fn8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arthur Kleinman, \u201cFour Social Theories for Global Health,\u201d The Lancet 375, no. 9725 (2010): 1518\u201319.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60646-0"},{"key":"fn9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C.U. Thresia, \u201cHealth Inequalities in South Asia at the Launch of Sustainable Development Goals: Exclusions in Health in Kerala, India Need Political Interventions.\u201d International Journal of Health Services 48, no. 1 (2018): 57\u201380.","DOI":"10.1177\/0020731417738222"},{"key":"fn10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.R. Rajagopal and David E. 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Prato, eds. Legitimacy: Ethnographic and Theoretical Insights (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019), 125\u201343.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-96238-2_6"},{"key":"fn35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beverly A. Smith and Sesha Kethineni, \u201cCultivation and Use of Opium in Rural India: Bottom-Up Insights into Anti-Drug Efforts,\u201d Asian Journal of Criminology 2, no. 1 (2007): 19\u201333.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11417-007-9024-1"},{"key":"fn36","unstructured":"Kethineni, Guyon, and Fennick, \u201cDrug Use in India.\u201d"},{"key":"fn37","unstructured":"Smith and Kethineni, \u201cCultivation and Use of Opium.\u201d"},{"key":"fn38","unstructured":"The Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985, accessed 9 August 2021, https:\/\/dor.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/Narcotic-Drugs-and-Psychotropic-Substances-Act-1985.pdf."},{"key":"fn39","unstructured":"Kethineni, Guyon, and Fennick, \u201cDrug Use in India.\u201d"},{"key":"fn40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cecilia Sep\u00falveda et al., \u201cPalliative Care: The World Health Organization\u2019s Global Perspective,\u201d Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 24, no. 2 (2002): 91\u201396.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0885-3924(02)00440-2"},{"key":"fn41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David Clark, \u201cFrom Margins to Centre: A Review of the History of Palliative Care in Cancer,\u201d The Lancet Oncology 8, no. 5 (2007): 430\u201338.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(07)70138-9"},{"key":"fn42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.R. Rajagopal and Suresh Kumar, \u201cA Model for Delivery of Palliative Care in India \u2013 The Calicut Experiment,\u201d Journal of Palliative Care 15, no. 1 (1999): 44\u201349.","DOI":"10.1177\/082585979901500107"},{"key":"fn43","unstructured":"Suresh Kumar, \u201cPublic Health Approaches to Palliative Care: The Neighbourhood Network in Kerala,\u201d in Libby Sallnow, Suresh Kumar, and Allan Kellehear, eds. International Perspectives on Public Health and Palliative Care (London: Routledge, 2012), 98\u2013109."},{"key":"fn44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Irudaya Rajan, \u201cAging in Kerala: One More Population Problem?\u201d Asia-Pacific Population Journal 4, no. 2 (1989): 19\u201348.","DOI":"10.18356\/ead11af5-en"},{"key":"fn45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Libby Sallnow, Suresh Kumar, and Mathews Numpeli, \u201cHome-Based Palliative Care in Kerala, India: The Neighbourhood Network in Palliative Care,\u201d Progress in Palliative Care 18, no. 1 (2010): 14\u201317.","DOI":"10.1179\/096992610X12624290276142"},{"key":"fn46","unstructured":"\u201cIndia Should Get Back to Stay on Dr Anne Merriman\u2019s Path,\u201d Pallium India, 28 December 2019, https:\/\/palliumindia.org\/2019\/12\/india-should-get-back-to-stay-on-dr-anne-merrimans-path."},{"key":"fn47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alaa Bashayreh, \u201cOpioidphobia and Cancer Pain Management,\u201d Journal of Pediatric Hematology\/Oncology 33, no. 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Dawson, \u201cHow Good Intentions Contributed to Bad Outcomes: The Opioid Crisis,\u201d Mayo Clinic Proceedings 93, no. 3 (2018): 344\u201350.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2017.12.020"}],"container-title":["Canadian Bulletin of Medical History"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/utpjournals.press\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/cbmh.482-102020","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T00:56:08Z","timestamp":1658364968000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/utpjournals.press\/doi\/10.3138\/cbmh.482-102020"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3138\/cbmh.482-102020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/cbmh.482-102020","relation":{},"ISSN":["0823-2105","2371-0179"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0823-2105","type":"print"},{"value":"2371-0179","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]}}}