{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T03:08:21Z","timestamp":1673838501554},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)","issue":"S1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Canadian Bulletin of Medical History"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> In early modern Europe, the global dimensions of the drug trade and the introduction of new substances contributed to the development of new cultures of intoxication. This process was particularly evident in England, where a new intoxication culture emerged from the recognition of how different substances produced similar reactions. Medical travel literature provides a critical source for examining alternative methods of drug consumption in the non-Western world in this period: culturally embedded practices like Turkish opium eating or Native American tobacco smoking became significant benchmarks for comparing with Western habits of alcohol consumption. This article argues that the early modern Western medical community relied on comparisons of intoxication in other contexts in an effort to describe its own culturally embedded practices of alcohol intoxication. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3138\/cbmh.488-112020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T22:49:24Z","timestamp":1629240564000},"page":"S72-S92","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Different Peoples, Different Inebriations: The Recognition of Different Cultures of Intoxication in Early Modern English Medicine"],"prefix":"10.3138","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Pierini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Edoardo Pierini \u2013 Histoire de la M\u00e9decine, Universit\u00e9 de Gen\u00e8ve, Geneva, Canton of Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1696","reference":[{"key":"fn1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pierre Belon, Les Observations de plusieurs singularitez et choses memorables, trouvees en Grece, Asie, Judee, Egypte, Arabie & autres pays estranges, redig\u00e9es en trois livres, par Pierre Belon (Paris, 1554), 404: \u201cThey used to say, \u2018You have eaten opium\u2019 as an insult, like in other countries they would say, \u2018You are drunk.\u2019\u201d","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.127374"},{"key":"fn2","unstructured":"Belon, Observations."},{"key":"fn3","unstructured":"Charles D. Adams, ed. Complete Works of Hippocrates (Hastings: Delphi Classics, 2015)."},{"key":"fn4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"William E. Engel, Rory Loughnane, and Grant Williams, eds. The Memory Arts in Renaissance England: A Critical Anthology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016), 157.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781316091722"},{"key":"fn5","unstructured":"Belon, Observations, 404: \u201cA thing worthy of great admiration among the Turks, who eat opium to make themselves bolder in war.\u201d"},{"key":"fn6","unstructured":"Belon, Observations, 404: \u201cOn ne peut observer chose qui semble plus digne de noter, que l\u2019Opium qui est maintenant fait en Turquie. Nous croyons que sans ce que les turcs l\u2019ont en grand usage, il seroit hors du cours de Marchandise, comme plusieurs autres drogues qu\u2019on ne cognois plus.\u201dThis recalls David Courtwright\u2019s idea of \u201cfailed drugs,\u201d referring to a number of regionally popular plant-derived drugs (such as kava, betel, qat, and peyote) that failed to become commodities in both hemispheres in the way that wine or opium did. David T. Courtwright, Forces of Habit: Drugs and the Making of the Modern World (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), 3."},{"key":"fn7","unstructured":"Belon, Observations, 404: \u201cThey sow white poppies in the fields like we sow wheat.\u201d"},{"key":"fn8","unstructured":"Belon, 404: \u201cUn marchand du pays de Natolie juif nous asseura qu\u2019il n\u2019y avoit ann\u00e9e qu\u2019on n\u2019enlevant cinquante chameaux chargez du payz de Cappadoce, Cilicie ecc.pour transporter en Perse, Indie et en notre Europe e autres pays longtains, e aussi par tout le pays ou le gran Turc seigneurie.\u201d"},{"key":"fn9","unstructured":"Belon, 404: \u201cIl n\u2019y a Turc qui n\u2019en achete: & n\u2019eut il vaillant qu\u2019un aspre, il en mettra la moiti\u00e9 en opium, & le portera & le portera toujours avec soi, tant en temps de paix qu\u2019en guerre.\u201d"},{"key":"fn10","unstructured":"Belon, 404: \u201cUn jour voulumes faire experience de quelle quantit\u00e9 un homme en pourroit user \u00e0 la fois sans avoir mal, e trouvammes un Genissaire de conoissance, qui avait costume d\u2019en manger chaque jour, lequel mangera lors se notre presence la pois de demie dragme. Et le jour d\u2019apres l\u2019avions trouv\u00e9 pres la boutique d\u2019un mercier, en seisines peser une dragme que lui baillasmes de rechef, e l\u2019avalla tout \u00e0 une fois, sans que jamais nul accident lui aduint, sors qu\u2019il etoit comme un homme quasi yvre.\u201d"},{"key":"fn11","unstructured":"Belon, 404: \u201cIls ont un commun parler de s\u2019entredire par injure, vous av\u00e9 mang\u00e9 de l\u2019opium, qui vaut autant que qui diroit \u00e0 un d\u2019autre pays, vous etes yvre.\u201d"},{"key":"fn12","unstructured":"Belon, 404: \u201cWhen we tested opium, we did not feel anything but heat in the belly, some trouble in the brain, and dreams while sleeping.\u201d"},{"key":"fn13","unstructured":"Belon, 404: \u201cQui voudroit cultiver le Pavot en Europe, France, Alemagne ou Italie, nous croyons qu\u2019on en pourroit aussi bien faire, comme en Asie, moyennant qu\u2019on prende la peine de le recuellir ainsi qu\u2019il faut. Car le climat de Anatolie est aussi froid que celui de France.\u201d"},{"key":"fn14","unstructured":"The 1589 translation was given under the title Petri Bellonii Cenomani plurimorum singularium et memorabilium rerum [.]. observationes. Carolus Clusius, Exoticorum libri decem, quibus animalium, plantarum, aromatum, aliorumque peregrinorum fructuum historiae describuntur item Petri Bellonii observationes (Leiden, 1605)."},{"key":"fn15","unstructured":"Courtwright, Forces of Habit, 2."},{"key":"fn16","unstructured":"Courtwright, 69."},{"key":"fn17","unstructured":"Marcy Norton, Sacred Gifts, Profane Pleasures: A History of Tobacco and Chocolate in the Atlantic World (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008)."},{"key":"fn18","unstructured":"Norton, Sacred Gifts, 173\u201384."},{"key":"fn19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phil Withington, \u201cIntoxicants and Society in Early Modern England,\u201d Historical Journal 54, no. 3 (2011): 631\u201357.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0018246X11000197"},{"key":"fn20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phil Withington, \u201cIntroduction: Cultures of Intoxication,\u201d Past & Present 222, no. S9 (2014): 9\u201333, 12\u201313.","DOI":"10.1093\/pastj\/gtt027"},{"key":"fn21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matthew P. Romaniello, \u201cWho Should Smoke? Tobacco and the Humoral Body in Early Modern England,\u201d Social History of Alcohol and Drugs 27, no. 2 (2013): 156\u201373.","DOI":"10.1086\/SHAD27020156"},{"key":"fn22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jennifer Richards, \u201cHealth, Intoxication, and Civil Conversation in Renaissance England,\u201d Past & Present 222, no. S9 (2014): 168\u201386, 178\u201379.","DOI":"10.1093\/pastj\/gtt034"},{"key":"fn23","unstructured":"Lemnius, Touchstone, 90: \u201cIf it be blakish, it betokeneth blacke adust Choler, specially if no outwarde accidentall occasion happen, as great heate or chafing, labour or wearynesse: or if the mynde bee not intoxicate, and perplexed with affectes and passions, as Angre, Ioye, Sorow, Care, pensyuenes: for these make the humours sometyme to resort vnto the skynne & vtter parts, and sometime to hyde and conueyghe themselues farre inwardly.\u201dLemnius\u2019 volume was translated by Thomas Newton (1544\u20131607) as Levinus Lemnius, The Touchstone of Complexions Generallye Appliable, Expedient and Profitable for All Such, as Be Desirous & Carefull of Their Bodylye Health: Contayning Most Easie Rules & Ready Tokens, Whereby Euery One May Perfectly Try, and Throughly Know, as Well the Exacte State, Habite, Disposition, and Constitution, of His Owne Body Outwardly: as Also the Inclinations, Affections, Motions, & Desires of His Mynd Inwardly\/First Written in Latine, by Leuine Lemnie; and now Englished by Thomas Newton, trans. Thomas Newton (London, 1576)."},{"key":"fn24","unstructured":"Samuel Johnson, A Dictionary of the English Language: In Which the Words Are Deduced from Their Originals, and Illustrated in Their Different Significations by Examples from the Best Writers, vol. 1 (London, 1775); and Phil Withington, \u201cIntroduction: Cultures of Intoxication,\u201d Past & Present 222, no. S9 (2014): 9\u201333, 13."},{"key":"fn25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patrick Wallis, \u201cExotic Drugs and English Medicine: England\u2019s Drug Trade, c.1550-c.1800\u201d (Economic History Working Papers 143\/10, Department of Economic History, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, 2010), 20.","DOI":"10.1093\/shm\/hkr055"},{"key":"fn26","unstructured":"Garcia da Orta, Col\u00f3quios dos simples e drogas he cousas medicinais da \u00cdndia e assi dalg\u0169as frutas achadas nella onde se tratam alg\u0169as cousas tocantes a medicina, pratica, e outras cousas boas pera saber (Goa, 1563)."},{"key":"fn27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ines G. \u017dupanov, \u201cDrugs, Health, Bodies and Souls in the Tropics: Medical Experiments in Sixteenth-Century Portuguese India,\u201d Indian Economic & Social History Review 39, no. 1 (2002): 1\u201343.","DOI":"10.1177\/001946460203900101"},{"key":"fn28","unstructured":"Da Orta, Col\u00f3quios, 16: \u201cNam sei a diferen\u00e7a que ha entre o que chamao bangue, e o que se diz amphiam; porque pode ser que tudo seja hum, pois que vos vejo, quando vituperais algum servo chamaislhe bangue, e outras vezes amphiam; e por isso queria saber qual he cada hum e como se faz e p\u00eara que se usa cada hum.\u201d"},{"key":"fn29","unstructured":"Da Orta, 25: \u201cporque embebeda e faz estar fora de si.\u201d"},{"key":"fn30","unstructured":"Da Orta, 25: \u201ce alguns amphiam; e estes s\u00e3o os Mouros que muyto podem; e o proveito que disto tir\u00e3o he estar fora de si, como enlevados sem nenhum cuidado e prazimenteiros, e alguns rir hum riso parvo.\u201d"},{"key":"fn31","unstructured":"Da Orta, 25: \u201cRuano: Faz esses effeitos de prazer em todos? Orta: Poode ser que nos acustumados a elle q os sara assi.\u201d"},{"key":"fn32","unstructured":"Da Orta, 25: \u201cMas eu vy h\u00f9 Portugues choquareiro que comigo soy ao Balaguate ha muito tempo, e comeo h\u00f9a talhada ou duas deste letuario, e de noite esteve bebe do gracioso, e nas falas em estremo: e no testamento que fazia: e porem era triste no chorar e nas magoas que dizia, quero que pera si mostrava ter tristeza e grande enojameto, e as pessoas q ho vi\u00e0o ou ovvi\u00e0o provocava a riso como o faz h\u00f9 bebedo sau doso.\u201d"},{"key":"fn33","unstructured":"Da Orta, 25: \u201cE crede q pois isto he t\u00e0to usado e de tanto numero de g\u00e8te, que nam he sem mysterio e proveito.\u201d"},{"key":"fn34","unstructured":"Nicol\u00e1s Monardes, Dos libros, El uno trata de todas las cosas que traen de nuestras Indias occidentales que sierven al uso de Medicina y c\u00f2mo se ha de usar la rayz de Mechoacan, purga excellentissima. El otro libro trata de dos medicinas maravillosas que son contra todo veneno: la piedra Bezaar y la yerva Escur\u00e7onera, Sevilla, en casa de Sebasti\u00e1n Trugillo; Segunda parte del Libro de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias occidentales que sirven al uso de la Medicina. Do se trata del Tabaco y de la Sassafras y del Carlo Sancto y de otras muchas yervas y Plantas, Simientes y Licores [.], Sevilla, en casa de Alonso Escribano, 1571; Primera y Segunda y Tercera partes de la Historia Medicinal de las Cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales que sirven en Medicina (Seville, 1574). The English translation by John Frampton appeared in 1577 and 1580 as Nicol\u00e1s Monardes, Ioyfull Newes out of the Newe Founde Worlde, Wherein Is Declared the Rare and Singular Vertues of Diuerse and Sundrie Hearbes, Trees, Oyles, Plantes, and Stones, with Their Applications, as Well for Phisicke as Chirurgerie, trans. John Frampton (London, 1577)."},{"key":"fn35","unstructured":"Monardes, Ioyfull Newes, book 2, fol. 39."},{"key":"fn36","unstructured":"Monardes, fol. 39."},{"key":"fn37","unstructured":"Monardes, fols. 39\u201340."},{"key":"fn38","unstructured":"Monardes, fol. 40."},{"key":"fn39","unstructured":"Monardes, fol. 40."},{"key":"fn40","unstructured":"Monardes, 40."},{"key":"fn41","unstructured":"Norton, Sacred Gifts, 120."},{"key":"fn42","unstructured":"Prosperi Alpini, De medicina Aegyptiorum: libri quatuor; in quibus Multa cum de vario mittendi Sanguinis Usu per Venas, Arterias, Cucurbitulas, ac Scarificationes nostris inusitatas, deq[ue] Inustionibus, & alijs chyrurgicis Operationibus, tum de quamplurimis Medicamentis apud Aegyptios frequentioribus, elucescunt (Venice, 1591)."},{"key":"fn43","unstructured":"\u201cDe medicamentis alterantibus, quae in usu apud medicos Aegyptios existunt,\u201d in Alpini, De medicina Aegyptiorum, book 4, 116\u201319."},{"key":"fn44","unstructured":"Alpini, book 4, chap. 1: \u201cEx quo etiam malos ibi cum vivendi, tum medendi usus, vel potius abusu originem duxisse recte arbitrari possumus. Quandoquidem incolae frigidorum locorum ab usu refrigerantium plusquam opus effet, timentes, usque adeo \u00e0 la refrigerantibus tum cibis, tum medicamentis cavere, & abstinere solent, usque adeoque usum calidorum amplecti, ut refrigerantia plane negligant, non tantumque inutilia, verum etiam sibi valde noxia esse autument: exindeque refrigerantia omnia medicamenta abhoreant, ac fugiant, adeoque vulgo ob eam causam calsacientium usus receptus est, ut illum immodice fequentes, in causa sit, ut plurimi populares morbi, per ea loca fere assidue grassentur.\u201d"},{"key":"fn45","unstructured":"Alpini, book 4, chap. 1: \u201cPlures enim Germani, Poloni, atuqe alii frigidarum regionum populi ob eam causam \u00e0 frigis caventes, vinis generosis, aromatibusque nimium indulgentes, hepar immodice calsaciunt; atque exurunt, ex qua temperie qualia oriri soleant mala, nobis obscurum non est; & cum ab his tamen abstinere nolint, eos breviorem vitam vivere, mirum non est.\u201d"},{"key":"fn46","unstructured":"Alpini, book 4, chap. 1: \u201cOpii, quod ii affion nuncupant, utuntur hi frequentissime, cui longo tempore sic illi assuescunt, ut mox, vel trium etiam drachmarum pondus aliqui tuto per os assumere audeant, eo homines duarum horarum intervallo hilares fieri arbitrantur, promptioresque in obeundis ipsorum muneribus, maximeque ad bellum, atque venerem. Ibique vulgus faubulatur, milites in bello, qui eum succum sumpferunt, omnes bel]i timorem deponere, sicque ferociores ad subeundam pugnam fieri, ut quaelibet belli incommoda fortissime ac strenuissime deinde ferant. Non pauci etiam sunt, qui eum assumentes, opinantur, se per somnum varia pulcherrima, amoenissimaque viridaria, atque amatas puellas visuros, seque cum iis oblectaturos.\u201d"},{"key":"fn47","unstructured":"Alpini, book 4, chap. 1: \u201cAn vero vere quicquam eis opii usus conducere possit, non est, quod tibi persuadeam, quando te non lateat, ipsum praevalidum venenum esse, ac nullo pacto juvare, & omnino homini nocere. Negandum tamen non est, quamplures AEgyptios opium quotidie fumentes, nullam noxam sentire, eo longa scilicet consuetudine a natura superato, & in alimentum quoquo modo verso. Hincque fieri puto, eos qui ipsum quotidie devorare consueverint, aliqua die intermittentes, hora, in qua assumebant, in gravissima symptomata incurrere. Animi siquidem deliquio fastidiosissimo ipsi tentantur, nulloque auxilio sic tuto liberantur, quam rursus opium devorantes. Multos ab hac servitute liberatos vidi, si in hora, qua soliti sunt ipsum capere, largius ex vino cretico, pipere, atque aliis aromatibus alterato potent. Verum etsi ii affirment eo usu recle se valere, minimeque laedi, tamen eorum corpora valde frigida redduntur, functionesque deteriores siunt, ebriique, atque torpidi fere perpetuo apparent.\u201d"},{"key":"fn48","unstructured":"Alpini, book 4, chap. 2: \u201cAd mihi haec narranti, mulier quaedam AEgyptia in memoriam venit, quae a potu largiori vini cretici ebria, omnia fere praenarrata varia deliramenta faciebat.\u201d"},{"key":"fn49","unstructured":"\u201cDe Medicamentis ad Aegyptiis animi gratia usitatis, sperantibus ab his devoratis varia exoptata in insomniis videre,\u201d in Alpini, book 4, 119\u201322."},{"key":"fn50","unstructured":"Alpini, book 4, chap. 2: \u201cQuod igitur ibi famofissimum fit, omnes qui ea medicamenta assumunt, multa, ac varia, quibus delectantur, objecta sopore captos videre, certissimam dictorum visionem quisque speret, facile erit, ut sibi ipsis omnia se visuros suadeant, quae famose illo modo ab omnibus spectari affirmantur. Neque immerito, cum a devoratis medicamentis vapores multi concitati, & in caput delati, isfum variis modis feriant, ejusque sensus valde perturbent, ex quibus, iis praefertim, qui visui audituique deserviunt, sic turbatis, varia, ac multa objecta ex consuetis rebus, communi sensui, cujus munus est sfibi oblata objecta contemplari, distinguere, ac judicare, offeruntur. Quae non modo dormientibus, sed etiam vigilantibus apparere possunt. Hominibus itaque ab hujusmodi usu medicamentorum variis modis capite laeso, atque ejus sensibus exinde turbatis, illis certo multa objecta offerri videntur, quae vulgus illorum medicamentorum usu per insomnia se videre arbitratur, qui tametsi nihil vere videant, tamen ea cernere imaginantur. Vel dicendum erit (quod facilius sortasse nobis suadebitur) usu illorum medicamentorum vitiatam esse ipsorum imaginationem, non secus quam accidit in melancholicis. Homines siquidem eo morbi genere correptos, melancholico humore, vel halitu cerebrum invadente laesa imaginatione, varia deliramenta opinari medicis notissimum est. Duo in melancholicis observantur, quippe primo humor, vel halitus, qui cerebri partem, in qua residet, imaginatio, obsidet, atque Iaedit, qua parte laesa, functiones imaginatricis facultatis continuo vitiantur, atque exinde homines haud recte imaginantur. Secundo est illiusce, vel humoris, vel vaporis ater color, quo, ut Gal. docet (quanquam Averrhoes aliter sentiat) singula illa deliramenta cum timore, & maerore omnia siunt. Quae duo melancholicae amentiae, Hippocrate affirmante, verum characterem explicant, quo ab aliis amentiis vere distinguitur. Hinc igitur a ratione non erit alienum, vapores, vel halitus ex devoratis illis medicamentis in caput delatos, cerebri membranas ferientes ac laedentes, varia per id temporis objecla, ac phantasmata ad imaginationem deferre posse, ex qua vitiata imaginatione homines plura variaque deliramenta, veluti melancholici faciunt, videre opinantur.\u201d"},{"key":"fn51","unstructured":"Alpini, book 4, chap. 1: \u201cIn memoria fane habeo, dum per AEgypti loca olim diversarer, multos ejusmodi medicamentis veluti ebrios, ac amentes factos, multa capite, oculisque praefertim deliramenta facientes inspexisse, de quibus aliqui ex Turcis, qui mihi tum ad securitatem astabant interrogati, responderunt, illos esse, qui herbam animi gratia comedere assolent, quique etiam confirmabant illos tunc in somniis multa laetissima viridaria, amatasque puellas videre. Multaque alia de iis dixere, quae mihi risu valde digna videbantur. Itaque de his etiam aliquid aliud te loqui, desjdero.\u201d"},{"key":"fn52","unstructured":"Alpini, book 4, chap. 2: \u201cHocque medicanti genus plebs frequentat, quia viliori pretio ibi venditur.\u201d"},{"key":"fn53","unstructured":"Withington, \u201cIntoxicants and Society.\u201d"},{"key":"fn54","unstructured":"Florike Egmond, The World of Carolus Clusius: Natural History in the Making, 1550\u20131610 (London: Pickering & Chatto, 2010)."},{"key":"fn55","unstructured":"Clusius, Exoticorum libri decem."},{"key":"fn56","unstructured":"Wine, Beere, Ale, and Tobacco: Contending for Superiority. A Dialogue (London: John Groove, 1630)."},{"key":"fn57","unstructured":"Withington, \u201cIntoxicants and Society,\u201d 632. Withington argues that the proliferation of these various kinds of voluntary and purposeful association coincided with the introduction of new forms of drug consumption."},{"key":"fn58","unstructured":"Withington, 633."},{"key":"fn59","unstructured":"Jordan Goodman, \u201cExcitantia: Or, How Enlightenment Europe Took to Soft Drugs,\u201d in Jordan Goodman, Paul E. Lovejoy, and Andrew Sherratt, eds. Consuming Habits: Drugs in History and Anthropology (London: Routledge, 1995), 126\u201347; and Withington, \u201cIntoxicants and Society,\u201d 634."},{"key":"fn60","unstructured":"Norton, Sacred Gifts, 141\u201345."},{"key":"fn61","unstructured":"John Jones, The Mysteries of Opium Reveal\u2019d by Dr. John Jones [.]. (London: Printed for Richard Smith, 1700)."},{"key":"fn62","unstructured":"Jones, Mysteries of Opium, 44."},{"key":"fn63","unstructured":"Richard Mead, A Mechanical Account of Poisons in Several Essays (London, 1702), 143\u201344."}],"container-title":["Canadian Bulletin of Medical History"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/utpjournals.press\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/cbmh.488-112020","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T00:55:57Z","timestamp":1658364957000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/utpjournals.press\/doi\/10.3138\/cbmh.488-112020"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3138\/cbmh.488-112020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/cbmh.488-112020","relation":{},"ISSN":["0823-2105","2371-0179"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0823-2105","type":"print"},{"value":"2371-0179","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,1]]}}}