{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T16:16:03Z","timestamp":1767716163864,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical and Investigative Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The long-term immune and metabolic effects of COVID-19 in vaccinated populations remain incompletely characterized. This study aimed to analyze dynamic changes in lymphocyte subpopulations (T, B, and Natural Killer [NK] cells [TBNK]) and key metabolic indicators among college students post\u2013Omicron infection with prior vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prospective observational cohort of 71 male students infected with the Omicron variant of COVID-19 (Beijing, China; March\u2013April 2022) and 18 uninfected controls was followed for 2 years. TBNK subsets and metabolic parameters (uric acid, lipid profiles, \u03b22-microglobulin) were analyzed at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months post-infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immunologically, total lymphocytes were elevated at 3 months when compared with controls ( P = 0.0063). Total T cells declined at 6 and 12 months but rebounded by 24 months ( P &lt; 0.0001). NK cells increased until 12 months, then declined ( P &lt; 0.0001). B cells decreased persistently ( P &lt; 0.05). Metabolically, uric acid and lipid parameters (total cholesterol, LDL-C, lipoprotein [a]) showed significant fluctuations, with notable increases at 1 year post-infection ( P &lt; 0.05). \u03b22-microglobulin levels decreased significantly over time ( P &lt; 0.0001).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Omicron infection induces immune and metabolic disturbances lasting at least 1 year, with gradual but incomplete recovery by 2 years. The interplay between immune dysregulation and metabolic alterations may contribute to the long-term health effects of COVID-19. Monitoring both lymphocyte and metabolic dynamics may guide the long-term management of post-COVID-19 sequelae.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3138\/cim-2025-0009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T16:14:12Z","timestamp":1767716052000},"page":"3-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analysis of the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on immune function and metabolic changes in college students"],"prefix":"10.3138","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Fengzhi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Air Force Medical Center, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yijin","family":"Zan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Fifth People's Hospital of Datong, Shanxi, 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