{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T18:10:10Z","timestamp":1741889410562,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Canadian Journal of Health History"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Abstract. <\/jats:p><jats:p> John James Rickard Macleod provided the facilities and support that enabled Frederick Banting and Charles Best to perform the experimental work that resulted in the discovery of insulin. This review considers Macleod's intellectual contribution to the initial discovery in light of his previously expressed opinions on glucose metabolism. He acknowledged the likely existence of an internal secretion from the pancreas and was aware of previous work in the area; however, seeking it was not among his research priorities. His advice in the immediate aftermath of the discovery does not appear to have made any essential contribution to the project, although he made its ultimate success possible. Instead, he gave Banting the chance he needed, gave him full credit for what he achieved, and promoted insulin tirelessly as a gift to the world. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3138\/cjhh.637-032023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,28]],"date-time":"2023-09-28T17:56:05Z","timestamp":1695923765000},"page":"370-393","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Macleod Before Banting"],"prefix":"10.3138","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Edwin","family":"Gale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol, Bristol, England"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1696","reference":[{"volume-title":"The Discovery of Insulin","year":"2007","author":"Bliss Michael","key":"r1"},{"volume-title":"Banting: A Biography","year":"1984","author":"Bliss","key":"r2"},{"key":"r3","unstructured":"Arthur Keith, An Autobiography (London: Watts & Co. 1950), 269."},{"volume-title":"From medical chemistry to biochemistry. The making of a biochemical discipline","year":"1982","author":"Kohler R.E.","key":"r4"},{"key":"r5","first-page":"1","volume":"23","author":"Williams Michael J.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh"},{"key":"r6","volume-title":"Physiology and Biochemistry in Modern Medicine","author":"Macleod John J.R.","year":"1922","edition":"4"},{"key":"r7","first-page":"306","volume":"29","author":"Scott Ernest Lyman","year":"1912","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"volume-title":"Great Scott. Ernest Lyman Scott's work with insulin in 1911","year":"1972","author":"Scott Aleita Hopping","key":"r8"},{"volume-title":"Diabetes: Its Pathological Physiology","year":"1913","author":"Macleod","key":"r9"},{"key":"r10","unstructured":"Ernest Starling, Elements of Human Physiology, 7th Ed. (London, J.A. Churchill, 1905), 331."},{"key":"r11","unstructured":"Macleod, Physiology and Biochemistry, 462."},{"key":"r12","first-page":"388","volume":"19","author":"Macleod","year":"1907","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"r13","first-page":"373","volume":"22","author":"Macleod","year":"1907","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"r14","first-page":"397","volume":"22","author":"Macleod","year":"1908","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"r15","first-page":"278","volume":"23","author":"Macleod","year":"1909","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"r16","first-page":"255","volume":"25","author":"Macleod","year":"1910","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"r17","first-page":"341","volume":"27","author":"Macleod","year":"1911","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"r17","first-page":"403","volume":"28","author":"Macleod","year":"1911","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"r18","first-page":"419","volume":"29","author":"Macleod","year":"1912","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"r19","first-page":"415","volume":"38","author":"Macleod","year":"1915","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"r20","first-page":"425","volume":"38","author":"Macleod","year":"1915","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"volume-title":"The Fuel of Life","year":"1928","author":"Macleod","key":"r21"},{"key":"r22","first-page":"193","volume":"42","author":"Macleod","year":"1917","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"r23","first-page":"460","volume":"42","author":"Macleod","year":"1917","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"r24","first-page":"125","volume":"110","author":"Donhoffer C.","year":"1932","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Biological Sciences"},{"key":"r25","unstructured":"Macleod, \u201cStudies in experimental glycosuria: 1.\u201d"},{"key":"r26","unstructured":"Macleod, \u201cStudies in experimental glycosuria: 1,\u201d 706."},{"key":"r27","first-page":"352","volume":"28","author":"Bayliss William","year":"1902","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"r28","first-page":"187","volume":"32","author":"Modlin I.M.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology"},{"key":"r29","unstructured":"Macleod, \u201cStudies in experimental glycosuria: I.\u201d"},{"key":"r30","first-page":"1069","volume":"65","author":"Hampton R.F.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"r30","first-page":"61","volume":"42","author":"Satin L.S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Molecular Aspects of Medicine"},{"key":"r31","first-page":"678","volume":"44","author":"H\u00e9don E.","year":"1892","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Societe Biologique de Paris"},{"key":"r31","first-page":"910","volume":"34","author":"Forschbach J.","year":"1908","journal-title":"Vorl Mitt Deutsch med Wochenschr"},{"volume-title":"Studies Concerning Glycosuria and Diabetes","year":"1913","author":"Allen Frederick","key":"r32"},{"volume-title":"Metabolism and Practical Medicine","year":"1907","author":"von Noorden Carl","key":"r33"},{"key":"r34","unstructured":"Starling, Elements of Human Physiology. 7th Ed. (London: J&A Churchill, 1905), 495."},{"volume-title":"New aspects of diabetes: pathology and treatment","year":"1913","author":"Von Noorden","key":"r35"},{"key":"r36","first-page":"106","volume":"83","author":"Macleod","journal-title":"Diabetes, It's Pathological"},{"key":"r37","unstructured":"Charles Best, Frederick Grant Banting (1891\u20131941). (In selected papers of Best, University of Toronto Press, 1963), 297."},{"volume-title":"The Endocrine Organs, An Introduction to the Study of Internal Secretion","year":"1916","author":"Shaefer E.A.","key":"r38"},{"key":"r39","first-page":"84","volume":"8","author":"Reuter Camille","year":"1924","journal-title":"Archives (n. s\u00e9rie)"},{"key":"r40","unstructured":"Starling, \u201cDiscussion of the therapeutic value of hormones. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 7,\u201d Ther Pharmacol Sect (1914), 29\u201331."},{"key":"r41","unstructured":"Obituary (1935). \u201cJJR Macleod.\u201d British Medical Journal i: 624."},{"key":"r42","unstructured":"A. Biedl, The Internal Secretory Organs: their physiology and pathology. Trans. Linda Forster. (London: John Bale Sons & Danielsson Ltd. 1913), 436."},{"key":"r43","unstructured":"Banting, \u201cDiabetes and Insulin.\u201d Nobel Lecture, emphasis added. 15 Sept. 1925."},{"key":"r44","unstructured":"Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, 67."},{"key":"r45","unstructured":"Joseph Hershey Pratt, \u201cA reappraisal of researches leading to the discovery of insulin,\u201d Journal of the History of Medicine (1954): 281\u201389."},{"key":"r46","unstructured":"Best, \u201cBanting Memorial Lecture, 1945.\u201d In selected papers of Charles H. Best, University of Toronto Press, 317."},{"key":"r47","unstructured":"Macleod to Banting, 23 Aug. 1921; MS Collection 76 (Banting) Box 62, Folder 4; Insulin Collection, Banting (Frederick Grant, Sir). Papers, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, University of Toronto. (Emphasis in the original.)"},{"key":"r48","unstructured":"Macleod, \u201cThe physiology of insulin and its source in the animal body.\u201d Nobel Lecture, 26 May 1925."},{"key":"r49","unstructured":"Banting, \u201cDiabetes and Insulin.\u201d"},{"key":"r50","first-page":"253","volume":"48","author":"Bliss","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences"},{"key":"r51","unstructured":"Pratt, \u201cA reappraisal of researches leading to the discovery of insulin,\u201d Journal of the History of Medicine (1954). 281\u201389."},{"key":"r52","unstructured":"C.T. 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