{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T17:40:07Z","timestamp":1749836407310,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Canadian Journal of Health History"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Abstract. <\/jats:p><jats:p> In 1987, the British Columbia Coalition of the Disabled launched the AIDS and Disability Action Project. This article studies phase one of the project, undertaken from 1987 through 1991, to trace how the Coalition educated the disability community about HIV\/AIDS, advocated for HIV\/AIDS to be recognized as a disability, and pushed for cooperation between the HIV\/AIDS and disability movements. Accordingly, it analyzes the research reports, educational materials, and conference presentations produced by and for the Coalition during this time. A critical evaluation of these materials demonstrates how the gay rights and disability rights movements were repeatedly juxtaposed to uncover strategies that could benefit HIV\/AIDS activism, which inadvertently overlooked barriers that prevented the communities from cooperating. By contextualizing the efforts of the Coalition, however, this article highlights how they identified and challenged barriers that inhibited members of both communities from accessing services and support systems needed to fully integrate and participate in society. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3138\/cjhh.674-092023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T15:21:31Z","timestamp":1748532091000},"page":"182-211","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Legitimizing AIDS as a Disability: The AIDS and Disability Action Project in British Columbia, 1987\u20131991"],"prefix":"10.3138","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"McLaughlin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1696","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"r1","first-page":"64","volume":"70","author":"Duffin Jacalyn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Genitourinary Medicine"},{"key":"r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duffin, \u201cAIDS, Memory, and the History of Medicine,\u201d 64.","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.70.1.64"},{"key":"r3","unstructured":"The AIDS and Disability Action Project officially ended in 2015. See \u201cDABC's History,\u201d accessed 21 February 2024, https:\/\/disabilityalliancebc.org\/dabcs-history\/."},{"first-page":"1","volume-title":"AIDS as a Disability: Ethical Issues and Community Empowerment Conference Report","year":"1991","key":"r4"},{"key":"r5","unstructured":"\u201cAIDS & Disability Action Project Overview,\u201d 2."},{"key":"r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226064000.001.0001","volume-title":"Patient Zero and the Making of the AIDS Epidemic","author":"McKay Richard A.","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"r7","volume":"41","author":"Nicholas Hrynyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Disability Studies Quarterly"},{"key":"r8","unstructured":"\u201cAIDS & Disability Action Project Overview,\u201d 1."},{"key":"r9","unstructured":"The website lists current and past projects and programs. See \u201cWhat We Do\u201d and \u201cDABC's History,\u201d accessed 21 February 2024, https:\/\/disabilityalliancebc.org\/."},{"key":"r10","unstructured":"Pat Danforth\u00a0and Jane Dyson, \u201cWhat's in a Name? BCCPD is now Disability Alliance BC!\u201d Transition: The Magazine of Disability Alliance BC (Fall 2014): 5. The first name change happened in 1990 and the second in 2014."},{"key":"r11","unstructured":"See \u201cDABC's History,\u201d accessed on 21 February 2024, https:\/\/disabilityalliancebc.org\/."},{"volume-title":"RePlacing Citizenship: AIDS Activism and Radical Democracy","year":"1997","author":"Brown Michael P.","key":"r12"},{"key":"r13","unstructured":"Brown, RePlacing Citizenship; Duffin, \u201cAIDS, Memory and the History of Medicine\u201d; Klassen, \u201cFacing It Together\u201d; Perry, \u201cThe Vancouver HIV\/AIDS Epidemic\u201d; and McKay, Patient Zero."},{"key":"r14","unstructured":"Rayside\u00a0and Linquist, \u201cAIDS Activism and the State in Canada.\u201d"},{"key":"r15","unstructured":"Some sources cite AIDS Vancouver as the first group in Canada while others cite AIDS Toronto. Both were created in 1983."},{"key":"r16","unstructured":"Perry, \u201cThe Vancouver HIV\/AIDS Epidemic,\u201d and Klassen, \u201cFacing It Together.\u201d"},{"key":"r17","unstructured":"Both Brown, Replacing Citizenship and Perry, \u201cThe Vancouver HIV\/AIDS Epidemic,\u201d demonstrate how the Social Credit government ultimately did fund groups like AIDS Vancouver by offloading the responsibility on municipal governments and through back channels. However, these funds were limited and frequently withheld, compelling AIDS support groups to act on their own."},{"key":"r18","unstructured":"The Vancouver PWA Coalition was the first PWA-centred group in Canada."},{"key":"r19","unstructured":"Klassen, \u201cFacing It Together,\u201d reviews the buddy and peer support programs offered by AIDS Vancouver and the PWA Coalition."},{"key":"r20","unstructured":"For more on the history of the PWA Coalition, see Brown, RePlacing Citizenship, and Perry, \u201cThe Vancouver HIV\/AIDS Epidemic.\u201d There is an interview with John Kozachenko, a founding member of the PWA Coalition. See John Kozachenko, interview with Alexis Shotwell and Gary Kinsman, 29 October 2014, in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. AIDS Activist History Project, accessed 25 February 2022, https:\/\/aidsactivisthistory.ca\/interviews\/vancouver-interviews\/."},{"key":"r21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/cbmh.22.2.313"},{"key":"r22","unstructured":"Perry, \u201cThe Vancouver HIV\/AIDS Epidemic.\u201d The Social Credit government was voted out in 1991, likely due in part to their mismanagement of the epidemic, and AZT became fully covered by the provincial government."},{"volume-title":"AIDS Activist History Project","year":"2014","author":"Alexis Shotwell","key":"r23"},{"volume-title":"Monograph Collection, The ArQuives: Canada's LGBTQ2+ Archives","year":"1988","author":"Sands Jim","key":"r24"},{"key":"r25","unstructured":"Sands, \u201cCommon Barriers,\u201d Preface."},{"key":"r26","unstructured":"Sands, \u201cCommon Barriers,\u201d 1."},{"key":"r27","unstructured":"Sands, \u201cCommon Barriers,\u201d 1."},{"key":"r28","unstructured":"This is the extent to which Sands delimited these three barriers. While I recognize the potential convergence of these meanings, a critical discussion of his definitions is beyond the scope of this paper."},{"key":"r29","unstructured":"Sands summarized two challenges to the medical model of AIDS, one from the gay activist Michael Callen and the other from researchers Peter Duesberg and Stephen Caiazza."},{"key":"r30","unstructured":"Sands, \u201cCommon Barriers,\u201d 12."},{"key":"r31","unstructured":"Sands, \u201cCommon Barriers,\u201d 4."},{"key":"r32","unstructured":"Sands, \u201cCommon Barriers,\u201d 7."},{"key":"r33","unstructured":"Sands, \u201cCommon Barriers,\u201d 31."},{"key":"r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sands, \u201cCommon Barriers,\u201d 13\u201314.","DOI":"10.1108\/eb018321"},{"key":"r35","unstructured":"Sands, \u201cCommon Barriers,\u201d 17."},{"key":"r36","unstructured":"I have omitted a discussion of the section on the legal perspective, as the main points resurface in his discussion of human rights protection in this final section."},{"key":"r37","unstructured":"Sands, \u201cCommon Barriers,\u201d 32."},{"key":"r38","unstructured":"Sands, \u201cCommon Barriers,\u201d 30."},{"key":"r39","unstructured":"Sands, \u201cCommon Barriers,\u201d 32."},{"key":"r40","unstructured":"Sands, \u201cCommon Barriers,\u201d 1."},{"key":"r41","unstructured":"\u201cAIDS & Disability Action Project Overview,\u201d 1\u20132."},{"key":"r42","unstructured":"These are the exact categories printed in \u201cInformation Request: AIDS & Disability Action Project.\u201d"},{"key":"r43","unstructured":"\u201cInformation Request: AIDS & Disability Action Project.\u201d"},{"key":"r44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/cbmh.24.2.403"},{"key":"r45","unstructured":"The B.C. Coalition of People with Disabilities, \u201cAIDS: Everyone Needs to Know About AIDS,\u201d \u201cEveryone Needs to Think About AIDS,\u201d \u201cEveryone Should be Concerned About AIDS,\u201d British Columbia Coalition of the Disabled, AIDS and Disability Action Project fonds, The ArQuives: Canada's LGBTQ2+ Archives, Toronto, Ontario. None of the pamphlets identify an official publisher or year published. Based on the information in the pamphlets, I have concluded that three were published between 1989 and 1991. There is a fourth pamphlet, also titled \u201cEveryone Should be Concerned About AIDS\u201d that was published after 1995, indicating they continued to produce these materials throughout the 1990s."},{"key":"r46","unstructured":"Every pamphlet had some variation of this statement. I have quoted \u201cEveryone Needs to Think About AIDS.\u201d"},{"key":"r47","unstructured":"\u201cEveryone Needs to Think About AIDS.\u201d"},{"key":"r48","unstructured":"The materials stated that oral sex with a condom was safer."},{"key":"r49","unstructured":"Dan Guinan to the Honourable John Jensen, 15 March 1990, \u201cAccess to Condoms for Persons with Disabilities,\u201d City of Vancouver Archives, Reference Code AM1675- S1-F1956."},{"key":"r50","unstructured":"Lenskyj, \u201cClinically Correct?\u201d"},{"key":"r51","unstructured":"Lenskyj, \u201cClinically Correct?\u201d 409."},{"key":"r52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781503616165","volume-title":"Practicing Desire: Homosexual Sex in the Era of AIDS","author":"Dowsett Gary","year":"1996"},{"volume-title":"AIDS in Canada: Knowledge, Behaviour, and Attitudes of Adults","year":"1991","author":"Ornstein Michael","key":"r53"},{"key":"r54","unstructured":"\u201cAIDS & Disability Action Project Overview,\u201d 1\u20132."},{"volume-title":"Independent Living with AIDS\/HIV As a Disability","year":"1991","author":"Collins John B.","key":"r55"},{"key":"r56","unstructured":"Danforth\u00a0and Dyson, \u201cWhat's in a Name?\u201d 5."},{"key":"r57","unstructured":"\u201cAIDS & Disability Action Project Overview,\u201d 1\u20132."},{"key":"r58","unstructured":"Two other reports were commissioned for the conference that examined ethics for research and treatment and pediatric HIV infection. The two conference presentations they were related to are examined in the next section; however, an analysis of these reports is beyond the scope of this paper."},{"volume-title":"Removing Barriers: A Disability Perspective on Isolation and Segregation of People with HIV or AIDS","year":"1991","author":"Sands Jim","key":"r59"},{"key":"r60","unstructured":"Collins, Goldberg, and Sands, \u201cIndependent Living.\u201d"},{"key":"r61","unstructured":"\u201cAIDS & Disability Action Project Overview,\u201d 2."},{"key":"r62","unstructured":"Registration was $95, or $25 for \u201cpeople with limited income.\u201d See \u201cAIDS as a Disability: Ethical Issues and Community Empowerment, Conference Information & Registration Form,\u201d 1991, British Columbia Coalition of the Disabled, AIDS and Disability Action Project fonds, The ArQuives: Canada's LGBTQ2+ Archives, Toronto, Ontario."},{"key":"r63","first-page":"21","volume-title":"AIDS as a Disability: Ethical Issues and Community Empowerment Conference Report","author":"Brown Glen","year":"1991"},{"key":"r64","first-page":"3","volume-title":"AIDS as a Disability: Ethical Issues and Community Empowerment Conference Report","author":"Burr Carolyn","year":"1991"},{"key":"r65","unstructured":"This would include the steps to take should the immediate family be incapable of caring for the child."},{"key":"r66","first-page":"11","volume-title":"AIDS as a Disability: Ethical Issues and Community Empowerment Conference Report","author":"Bower Jo","year":"1991"},{"key":"r67","unstructured":"Bower, \u201cIndependent Living,\u201d 11."},{"key":"r68","first-page":"27","volume-title":"AIDS as a Disability: Ethical Issues and Community Empowerment Conference Report","author":"Harvey David C.","year":"1991"},{"key":"r69","unstructured":"Harvey, \u201cThe Ethics of Disability,\u201d 27. It is important to note that Harvey was speaking as an American."},{"key":"r70","unstructured":"Sands, \u201cRemoving Barriers.\u201d For more on the response to Bill 34, see Paul Craik, interview with Alexis Shotwell and Gary Kinsman, 30 October 2014, and Brown, RePlacing Citizenship."},{"key":"r71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1525\/tph.2005.27.2.53","volume":"27","author":"McRuer Robert","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Public Historian"},{"volume-title":"Living and Serving: Persons with HIV in the Canadian AIDS Movement","year":"1996","author":"Roy Charles M.","key":"r72"},{"key":"r73","unstructured":"Roy, Living and Serving, 63. Roy uses PHA, person who has AIDS, instead of the more widely used PWA, person with AIDS."},{"key":"r74","unstructured":"The exact date of the resolution is not provided. According to Collins, Goldberg, and Sands, \u201cIndependent Living,\u201d it was passed before September 1991."},{"key":"r75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716297549001007","volume":"549","author":"Studdert David M.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science"},{"key":"r76","unstructured":"Collins, Goldberg, and Sands, \u201cIndependent Living.\u201d"},{"key":"r77","unstructured":"Collins, Goldberg, and Sands, \u201cIndependent Living,\u201d identified the specific barriers dividing the movements."},{"first-page":"33","volume-title":"AIDS as a Disability: Ethical Issues and Community Empowerment Conference Report","year":"1991","key":"r78"},{"key":"r79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Regina Kunzel, \u201cThe Rise of Gay Rights and the Disavowal of Disability in the US,\u201d in Michael Rembis, Catherine Kudlick, and Kim E. Nielsen, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Disability History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018): 465.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780190234959.013.27"},{"key":"r80","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Against Health: How Health Became the New Morality","author":"Jonathan M. Metzl","year":"2010"},{"key":"r81","unstructured":"Kunzel identifies the work of the psychologist Evelyn Hooker and a panel held by gay activists at the American Psychiatric Association's 1971 meeting titled \u201cLifestyles of Non-Patient Homosexuals\u201d as evidence."},{"key":"r82","unstructured":"Kunzel, \u201cThe Rise of Gay Rights,\u201d 468."},{"key":"r83","unstructured":"Hrynyk, \u201c\u2018No Sorrow, No Pity\u2019.\u201d"},{"key":"r84","unstructured":"Hrynyk, \u201c\u2018No Sorrow, No Pity\u2019.\u201d"},{"key":"r85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.59962\/9780774833363-010","volume-title":"We Still Demand! Redefining Resistance in Sex and Gender Struggles","author":"Kinsman Gary","year":"2017"},{"key":"r86","unstructured":"Kinsman, \u201cQueer Resistance,\u201d 143."},{"key":"r87","unstructured":"Kinsman, \u201cQueer Resistance,\u201d 142."},{"key":"r88","unstructured":"\u201cAIDS & Disability Action Project Overview,\u201d 2."},{"key":"r89","unstructured":"\u201cAIDS & Disability Action Project \u2013 Phase II,\u201d 33."},{"key":"r90","unstructured":"\u201cAIDS & Disability Action Project \u2013 Phase II,\u201d 34."}],"container-title":["Canadian Journal of Health History"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/utppublishing.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/cjhh.674-092023","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T17:15:12Z","timestamp":1749834912000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/utppublishing.com\/doi\/10.3138\/cjhh.674-092023"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3138\/cjhh.674-092023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/cjhh.674-092023","relation":{},"ISSN":["2816-6469","2816-6477"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2816-6469"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2816-6477"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}}}