{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T22:25:26Z","timestamp":1757456726714,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)","issue":"S2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Canadian Public Policy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Social distancing and self-isolation are two of the key responses asked of citizens during a pandemic. For people without a home, this advice is rather more difficult to follow. In this article, we use daily data describing the movements of 36,855 unique individuals who used emergency homeless shelters in Calgary over the period 1 January 2014\u201331 December 2019. We show that the use of emergency shelters is characterized by large flows from and into the broader community and smaller flows between individual shelters. Between admissions of new people into the shelter system and multiple re-admissions of current clients, there were an average of 43,613 movements between the community and between shelters each month. The size of these flows provide a measure of the extent to which people reliant on homeless shelters are exposed to the risk of transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). By identifying the size and nature of these flows, we hope our analysis helps identify responses that may minimize this population\u2019s risk of exposure. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3138\/cpp.2020-059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,6]],"date-time":"2020-07-06T12:21:20Z","timestamp":1594038080000},"page":"S160-S165","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Homeless Shelter Flows in Calgary and the Potential Impact of COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.3138","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Jadidzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Economics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, and School of Public Policy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ron","family":"Kneebone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Policy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1696","reference":[{"key":"r1","unstructured":"Alberta. 2019. \u201cCases in Alberta.\u201d At https:\/\/www.alberta.ca\/covid-19-alberta-data.aspx."},{"key":"r2","unstructured":"Alberta. 2020. \u201cOpen Data: Funded Emergency Shelters Daily Occupancy AB\u20142019\u201320.\u201d At https:\/\/open.alberta.ca\/dataset\/47f82be8-af8d-4994-8a97-2252d7643ff5\/resource\/a8229e8a-cbda-4328-af31-d6d12ac70a74\/download\/2019-2020-emergency-shelters-daily-occupancy.xlsx."},{"volume-title":"Influenza Planning Guide for Alberta\u2019s Vulnerable Populations and Shelter Serving Agencies","year":"2009","author":"Alberta Health Services","key":"r3"},{"issue":"6","key":"r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1080\/02673037.2013.773585","volume":"28","author":"Aubry T.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Housing Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/10511482.1994.9521155","volume":"5","author":"Culhane D.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Housing Policy Debate"},{"key":"r6","unstructured":"Culhane, D., D. Treglia, K. Steif, R. Kuhn, and T. Byrne. 2020. \u201cEstimated Emergency and Observational\/Quarantine Capacity Need for the US Homeless Population Related to COVID-19 Exposure by County; Projected Hospitalizations, Intensive Care Units and Mortality.\u201d At https:\/\/endhomelessness.org\/resource\/estimated-emergency-and-observational-quarantine-bed-need-for-the-us-homeless-population-related-to-covid-19-exposure-by-county-projected-hospitalizations-intensive-care-units-and-mortality\/."},{"key":"r7","unstructured":"Employment and Social Development Canada (ESDC). 2019. \u201cHighlights of the National Shelter Study 2005 to 2016.\u201d At https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/employment-social-development\/programs\/homelessness\/reports-shelter-2016.html#h4."},{"key":"r8","unstructured":"Hudes, S. 2020. \u201cTesting of Asymptomatic Homeless Shelter Clients Underway after Four Cases Confirmed in Calgary.\u201d Calgary Herald, 27 April. At https:\/\/calgaryherald.com\/news\/testing-of-asymptomatic-homeless-shelter-clients-underway-after-four-cases-confirmed-in-calgary."},{"issue":"6","key":"r9","volume":"8","author":"Jadidzadeh A.","year":"2015","journal-title":"SPP Research Papers"},{"key":"r10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/cpp.2018-013"},{"issue":"2","key":"r11","first-page":"e94","volume":"5","author":"Khandor E.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Open Medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"r12","volume":"8","author":"Kneebone R.","year":"2015","journal-title":"SPP Research Papers"},{"key":"r13","unstructured":"Knope, J. 2020. \u201cToronto Groups Threaten Legal Action against City over \u2018Deplorable\u2019 Shelter System Conditions.\u201d CBC News, 21 April. At https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/news\/canada\/toronto\/toronto-groups-file-legal-action-homeless-shelter-system-1.5540320."},{"issue":"2","key":"r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022176402357","volume":"26","author":"Kuhn R.","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Community Psychology"},{"issue":"9","key":"r15","volume":"11","author":"Milaney K.","year":"2018","journal-title":"SPP Research Papers"},{"issue":"17","key":"r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6917e1","volume":"69","author":"Mosites E.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report"},{"key":"r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S795","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz360.1996","volume":"6","author":"Rogers J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Forum Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"9","key":"r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2018.2924","volume":"178","author":"Roncarati J.","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Internal Medicine"}],"container-title":["Canadian Public Policy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/utppublishing.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/cpp.2020-059","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T12:31:17Z","timestamp":1741869077000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/utppublishing.com\/doi\/10.3138\/cpp.2020-059"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3138\/cpp.2020-059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/cpp.2020-059","relation":{},"ISSN":["0317-0861","1911-9917"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0317-0861"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1911-9917"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]]}}}