{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T17:26:38Z","timestamp":1757611598658,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Introduction: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an effective, non-invasive treatment option for treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder (TR PTSD) and treatment-resistant depression (TRD). This study assesses left-sided high-frequency (LSHF) rTMS on symptoms of Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) and Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) members with TRD and TR PTSD at the Carewest Operational Stress Injury clinic. Methods: This feasibility study used a quantitative longitudinal design. The study population included 28 CAF and RCMP members with TR PTSD and TRD, defined as lack of response to two antidepressants and one evidence-based psychotherapy. Patients concurrently undertook biological and psychological treatment as usual. Up to 30 sessions of LSHF rTMS were provided; non-responders switched to right-sided low-frequency (RSLF) rTMS after 20 sessions. Depression and PTSD symptoms were quantified using the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) before treatment, every 10th session, and at completion. Outcomes were analyzed with one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance. Results: PHQ-9 scores decreased ( p &lt; 0.001) during rTMS treatment, from moderately severe depression at baseline (mean = 18) to moderate depression at the 20th (mean = 11) and 30th (mean = 10) sessions. Similarly, PCL-5 scores significantly decreased ( p &lt; 0.001), reaching sub-clinical threshold (initial mean = 48, 20th session mean = 33, and 30th session, mean = 31). Discussion: These findings support the efficacy of rTMS for reducing symptoms of TRD and TR PTSD in this population. Larger studies with sham rTMS comparison, blinding, and randomization are needed. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3138\/jmvfh-2023-0093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T14:21:26Z","timestamp":1754662886000},"page":"3-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of rTMS for treatment-resistant PTSD and depression in active\/retired Canadian Armed Forces and RCMP patients"],"prefix":"10.3138","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hilary","family":"Aadland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clinton","family":"Hirst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carewest Operational Stress Injury Clinic, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evelyne 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