{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T12:16:01Z","timestamp":1787660161955,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> LAY SUMMARY <\/jats:p><jats:p> Public safety personnel (PSP), like police officers, firefighters, and paramedics, often face stressful situations at work in which their moral values are violated. These experiences place PSP at risk for moral injury. Moral injury is a type of mental health experience that can greatly affect how someone feels and behaves. This study aimed to understand whether and how moral injury relates to different coping methods and supports that PSP may regularly use. The results showed that organizational support, spiritual well-being, self-compassion, and social support were each associated with less moral injury. These results will help inform prevention and intervention strategies for PSP experiencing moral injury. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3138\/jmvfh-2024-0044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T16:22:03Z","timestamp":1748881323000},"page":"53-68","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Moral injury, coping strategies, and supports among Canadian public safety personnel"],"prefix":"10.3138","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7482-0656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea M.","family":"D\u2019Alessandro-Lowe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauda","family":"Karram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Ritchie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mina","family":"Pichtikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Sullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Mirabelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hygge","family":"Schielke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Malain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlene","family":"O\u2019Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon","family":"Remers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Lanius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8315-7657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margaret","family":"McKinnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6437-4982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Randi E.","family":"McCabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Joseph\u2019s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1696","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"r1","first-page":"S1","volume":"43","author":"Heber A","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can"},{"issue":"6","key":"r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.42.6.03","volume":"42","author":"Easterbrook B","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can"},{"key":"r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639781","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.639781","volume":"12","author":"Lentz LM","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"22","key":"r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12145","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182212145","volume":"18","author":"Smith-Macdonald L","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1037\/trm0000367","volume":"29","author":"Roth SL","year":"2023","journal-title":"Traumatol"},{"key":"r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105394","volume":"123","author":"Roth SL","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"8","key":"r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.07.003","volume":"29","author":"Litz BT","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923928","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.923928","volume":"13","author":"Litz BT","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2332","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720004249","volume":"52","author":"Maguen S","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2023.2269696","volume":"14","author":"Lade S","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3995","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-023-01908-2","volume":"62","author":"Phelps AJ","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Relig Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2023.2205332","volume":"14","author":"Rodrigues S","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22276","volume":"31","author":"Litz BT","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"issue":"4","key":"r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22614","volume":"34","author":"Wisco BE","year":"2017","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"issue":"3","key":"r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1037\/h0099852","volume":"20","author":"Bryan ABO","year":"2014","journal-title":"Traumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2023.2192622","volume":"14","author":"Easterbrook B","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000290","volume":"10","author":"Bryan CJ","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2607","volume":"29","author":"Hall NA","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Psychother"},{"issue":"1","key":"r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2020.1736411","volume":"11","author":"Levi-Belz Y","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22405","volume":"32","author":"Litz BT","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422773","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00276","volume":"10","author":"Br\u00e9mault-Phillips S","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1920","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-17-00099","volume":"182","author":"Smith-Macdonald L","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1037\/scp0000140","volume":"4","author":"Wortmann JH","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spiritual Clin Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.2170","volume":"25","author":"Currier JM","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Psychother"},{"issue":"3","key":"r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e271","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usy148","volume":"184","author":"Ames D","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mil Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000447","volume":"11","author":"Kelley ML","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma"},{"key":"r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8","DOI":"10.1017\/S1754470X21000040","volume":"14","author":"Murray H","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2256204","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2023.2256204","volume":"14","author":"Williamson V","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"r29","volume-title":"Adaptive disclosure: a new treatment for military trauma, loss, and moral injury","author":"Litz BT","year":"2016"},{"key":"r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426415","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00619","volume":"9","author":"Carey LB","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-022-01534-4","volume":"61","author":"Jones KA","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Relig Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s40501-023-00292-8","volume":"10","author":"Aita SL","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.3039","volume":"37","author":"Di Nota PM","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.20371","volume":"38","author":"Prati G","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Community Psychol"},{"issue":"19","key":"r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6812","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20196812","volume":"20","author":"D\u2019Alessandro-Lowe AM","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1037\/cbs0000115","volume":"51","author":"Carleton RN","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can J Behav Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1177\/0844562120961988","volume":"53","author":"Stelnicki AM","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can J Nurs Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1007\/s40501-021-00248-w","volume":"8","author":"Harris JI","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1037\/trm0000069","volume":"22","author":"Jinkerson JD","year":"2016","journal-title":"Traumatol"},{"key":"r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417669","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00592","volume":"9","author":"Smith-MacDonald LA","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3390\/rel2010077","volume":"2","author":"Bredle JM","year":"2011","journal-title":"Religions"},{"issue":"2","key":"r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/15298860309032","volume":"2","author":"Neff K","year":"2003","journal-title":"Self Identity"},{"key":"r43","unstructured":"Manalo M. The role of self-compassion in the relationship between moral injury and psychological distress among military veterans [dissertation]. Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations. 2019;845. https:\/\/scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu\/etd\/845"},{"key":"r44","author":"Morgan L","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma"},{"issue":"6","key":"r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22170","volume":"71","author":"Held P","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.21061\/jvs.v7i1.219","volume":"7","author":"Steen MP","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Veterans Stud"},{"key":"r47","first-page":"71","volume-title":"Addressing moral injury in clinical practice","author":"Griffin BJ","year":"2020"},{"issue":"1","key":"r48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2180706","DOI":"10.1080\/20008066.2023.2180706","volume":"14","author":"Patel H","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-018-0012-8","volume":"17","author":"Feingold D","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Addict"},{"issue":"4","key":"r50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721002919","volume":"53","author":"Maguen S","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"r51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3321","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.3321","volume":"40","author":"Campbell BM","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"r52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000316","volume":"147","author":"Zalta AK","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"6","key":"r53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqaa129","volume":"70","author":"Vig KD","year":"2020","journal-title":"Occup Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"r54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.24095\/hpcdp.40.11\/12.04","volume":"40","author":"Heber A","year":"2020","journal-title":"Health Promot Chronic Dis Prev Can"},{"key":"r55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-83913-0_14","volume-title":"Law enforcement and public health: partners for community safety and wellbeing","author":"Edwards G","year":"2022"},{"issue":"4","key":"r56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19042355","volume":"19","author":"Anderson GS","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"r57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jmvfh-2020-0036"},{"issue":"1","key":"r58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2018.1546084","volume":"10","author":"Battaglia AM","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"r59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1037\/trm0000475","volume":"30","author":"Andrews K","year":"2024","journal-title":"Traumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"r60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","volume":"42","author":"Harris PA","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"r61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","volume":"95","author":"Harris PA","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"issue":"3","key":"r62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.71.3.500","volume":"71","author":"Eisenberger R","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"r63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa5201_2","volume":"51","author":"Zimet GD","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Personal Assess"},{"issue":"6","key":"r64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x","volume":"88","author":"Saunders JB","year":"1993","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"1","key":"r65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.02.017","volume":"110","author":"Adamson SJ","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"4","key":"r66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-016-0231-x","volume":"55","author":"Carey LB","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Relig Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"r67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4032","DOI":"10.1007\/s10943-023-01930-4","volume":"62","author":"Carey LB","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Religion Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"r68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000446","volume":"11","author":"Forkus SR","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma"},{"issue":"1","key":"r69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP1031","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520920865","volume":"37","author":"Levi-Belz Y","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"3","key":"r70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1177\/1363459318800167","volume":"24","author":"Ricciardelli R","journal-title":"Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"r71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22404","volume":"32","author":"Battles AR","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Trauma Stress"},{"key":"r72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874729","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.874729","volume":"13","author":"Maguen S","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Journal of Military, Veteran and Family Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/utppublishing.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/jmvfh-2024-0044","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T15:19:18Z","timestamp":1752592758000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/utppublishing.com\/doi\/10.3138\/jmvfh-2024-0044"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3138\/jmvfh-2024-0044"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/jmvfh-2024-0044","relation":{},"ISSN":["2368-7924","2368-7924"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2368-7924","type":"print"},{"value":"2368-7924","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]}}}