{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T17:06:37Z","timestamp":1789751197682,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Medical Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling at the lumbar subarachnoid space (LSS) is technically challenging to learn. Currently, training relies on cadaver availability or performance in a clinical scenario. This study aims to develop and validate a low-cost, high-fidelity simulator to train in this technique. Using three-dimensional printing technology, a model of a healthy adult dog\u2019s lumbosacral vertebral column was produced. The model was augmented with synthetic materials and a fluidic system to replicate all procedural steps and permit successful CSF collection. The simulator was validated by four experts, who rated it highly across multiple criteria. Final-year veterinary students were recruited to take part in practical sessions using either the simulator (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 16) or a cadaver (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 16). Performance was recorded for each student, and feedback was obtained using an anonymous online survey. Student performance was similar between groups (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .2), with 87.5% and 68.75% of students in the simulator and cadaver group, respectively, successfully placing the needle into the LSS. All successful students in the simulator group were able to obtain a CSF sample, compared with none in the cadaver group. No difference in the number of attempts was detected between groups (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &gt; .99), with most students taking more than three attempts. User experience was similar between groups, with 93.8% of students in each group rating the session as a positive learning experience. In summary, we demonstrate the validity of a novel, low-cost, and anatomically precise simulator that can be used for teaching CSF sampling at the LSS.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme-2021-0159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,21]],"date-time":"2022-07-21T13:36:46Z","timestamp":1658410606000},"page":"354-364","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Use of 3D Printing Technology to Create a Canine Simulator for Cerebrospinal Fluid Sampling at the Lumbar Subarachnoid Space"],"prefix":"10.3138","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Megan","family":"Madden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"European College of Veterinary Neurology (ECVN) Resident in Veterinary Neurology, Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edinburgh College of Art, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 9DF UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Su\u00f1ol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1696","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-53314-0.00014-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.22233\/9781910443125.3","volume-title":"BSAVA manual of canine and feline neurology","author":"Wamsley H","year":"2013","unstructured":"2Wamsley H. Clinical pathology. In: Platt SR, Olby NJ, editors. BSAVA manual of canine and feline neurology. 4th ed. Quedgeley (UK): British Small Animal Veterinary Association; 2013. p. 36\u201358.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105192"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.0816-132r1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme-2020-0026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17221\/6261-VETMED"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.32.4.461"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.1012-09R1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.252.7.839"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.1014-105"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.2019-0006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.1214-120R1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.0711.073R"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.101335"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12930"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s0102-865020200060000008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aet2.10103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01421590500046924"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.0817-109r"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1345"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2020.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12323"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme-2020-0137"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.6033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-019-00779-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000580"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191664"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228665"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-5-4-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.9482"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0000000000000255"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0b013e3181eac9a3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X9101100313"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2007.02803.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-1006.2004.00018.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/utppublishing.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/jvme-2021-0159","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T16:19:28Z","timestamp":1789748368000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/utppublishing.com\/doi\/10.3138\/jvme-2021-0159"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3138\/jvme-2021-0159"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/jvme-2021-0159","relation":{},"ISSN":["0748-321X","1943-7218"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0748-321X","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-7218","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]]}}}