{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:46:50Z","timestamp":1791931610381,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Medical Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Vaginal cytology is a widely used cytological technique mostly taught by observation, either through direct tutoring or videos. To the best of our knowledge, vaginal cytology simulators have never been assessed in veterinary medicine. Twenty-five undergraduate students with no prior experience in canine vaginal sampling were randomly assigned to two groups that practiced the procedure in either a simulator or a live animal. An inverted classroom design was followed. After observing a video tutorial, students practiced with the simulator\/live animal for two classes. Three weeks later, they performed a vaginal cytology on a live animal being recorded. The videos were evaluated through an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) by an observer blinded to the student's groups. The learning outcome was compared through OSCE pass rates and questionnaires. The simulation model was made by 3D printing and soft silicone for the vulvar labia, having pink and blue colored vaseline in the correct and incorrect locations for sampling. The model was economic and accurately replicated the female reproductive tract. It provided immediate feedback to students, who obtained pink or blue swabs from the correct and incorrect locations, respectively. Students reported that three to five or more attempts were needed to properly learn the procedure, thus justifying the need for a simulator. No differences in the OSCE pass rates were observed between the groups. The simulation model was effective for learning the vaginal cytology procedure, replacing the use of live animals. This low-cost model should be incorporated in the tool-kit of reproduction classes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\n                      This translation was provided by the authors. To view the full translated article visit:\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/jvme-2022-0141.pt\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/jvme-2022-0141.pt<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme-2022-0141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T13:54:39Z","timestamp":1681221279000},"page":"318-325","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development and Validation of a Simulation Model for Collection of Canine Vaginal Samples"],"prefix":"10.3138","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Marcos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cytology and Hematology Diagnostic Services, Lab. Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n.\u00b0 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cytology and Hematology Diagnostic Services, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Vasco da Gama (CIVG), Escola Universit\u00e1ria Vasco da Gama (EUVG), Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gra\u00e7a","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1696","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"242","article-title":"Female reproductive tract.","author":"Camus M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Camus M, Allison R, Miller D. Female reproductive tract. In: Valenciano AC, Cowell RL, editors. Cowell and Tyler's diagnostic cytology and hematology of the dog and cat. 5th ed. Elsevier; 2020; St. Louis. p. 242\u2013325.","journal-title":"Cowell and Tyler's diagnostic cytology and hematology of the dog and cat"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme-2020-0026"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Committee on veterinary medicine at the society for medical education: skills labs in veterinary medicine \u2013 a brief overview","volume":"33","author":"Dilly M","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dilly M, Gruber C. Committee on veterinary medicine at the society for medical education: skills labs in veterinary medicine \u2013 a brief overview. GMS J Med Educ. 2016;33(4):1\u20136. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.3205\/zma001048. 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