{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:43:08Z","timestamp":1759797788236,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Medical Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Three-dimensional (3D)-printed models have been shown to improve medical students\u2019 understanding of anatomy and related fractures. The aim of this parallel-group randomized trial was to evaluate the impact of 3D-printed feline skulls, in addition to traditional teaching, on veterinary students\u2019 interpretation of skull radiographs. Students were randomly divided into two groups (2D, 3D) and underwent a pre-test consisting of multiple-choice questions. Subsequently, both groups watched a recorded lesson on feline skull radiographic anatomy and traumatic lesions, and then the 3D group was provided with 3D-printed skulls, normal and with traumatic lesions. Finally, all students underwent a post-test. The multiple-choice questions included orthogonal feline skull radiographs of three different patterns of traumatic lesions, and questions tested their knowledge of normal anatomy and recognition of traumatic lesions. Twenty-three (25.6%) fourth-year and 67 (74.4%) fifth-year students participated. For both the 2D and 3D groups, post-test scores were significantly better than pre-test scores. There were no significant differences in the pre-test and post-test scores between the 2D and 3D groups. Three-dimensional-printed models did not improve veterinary students\u2019 ability to recognize anatomical structures and traumatic lesions of the feline skull. Further studies are warranted to define the role of 3D-printed models in veterinary student learning. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme-2024-0089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T13:29:28Z","timestamp":1733232568000},"page":"697-705","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of 3D-Printed Feline Skull Models as Educational Tools for Radiographic Interpretation of Craniomaxillofacial Traumatic Injuries: A Randomized Trial"],"prefix":"10.3138","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7558-427X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francesco","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Bassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, 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