{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T16:02:22Z","timestamp":1785168142714,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Medical Education"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Thoracic radiographic interpretation of congenital heart disease (CHD) is challenging for veterinary students, particularly when translating three-dimensional (3D) anatomic structures into two-dimensional (2D) images. This study evaluated the effectiveness of virtual 3D models in enhancing student interpretation of thoracic radiographs. We hypothesized that 3D models will improve students' spatial and anatomical understanding of healthy and CHD radiographs compared with traditional 2D methods. Three client-owned dogs diagnosed with patent ductus arteriosus, pulmonary valve stenosis, and a healthy control, were enrolled. Computed tomography angiography datasets were used to create 3D cardiac models using image segmentation software. Virtual models were overlaid onto each corresponding dog's thoracic radiographs. A workshop was conducted with third- and fourth-year veterinary students, divided into two interactive learning groups; 2D traditional methods versus virtual 3D models with radiographic overlays. Pre- and post-workshop multiple-choice tests and Likert scale surveys assessed the objective and subjective radiographic interpretation, and CHD understanding. Thirty students participated in the workshop. The mean overall pre-test score was 67.9, and the mean post-test score was 87.5 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .001). The mean percentage increase in pre- to post-workshop test scores was 16.8 and 22.1 in the 2D and 3D groups, respectively; however, the difference in score improvement between the groups was not significant (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .42). Feedback was generally positive, with participants preferring 3D over 2D resources. Both traditional and 3D methods improved students' ability to interpret thoracic radiographs in dogs. Participants preferred 3D resources, highlighting their potential as a valuable adjunct tool in veterinary education.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme-2025-0122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T15:47:40Z","timestamp":1785167260000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Computer-Generated 3D Models in Veterinary Student Education: Improving Radiographic Interpretation of Canine Congenital Heart Disease"],"prefix":"10.3138","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1088-0403","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alexandria A.","family":"Goodyear","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5986-6296","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lauren E.","family":"Markovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5587-5096","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sherry A.","family":"Clouser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Dr., Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brad E.","family":"Gilleland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Educational Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Dr., Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1696","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_9_2_2","first-page":"457","article-title":"Prevalence of cardiovascular disorders","author":"Buchanan JW","year":"1999","unstructured":"Buchanan JW. Prevalence of cardiovascular disorders. In: Fox PR, Sisson DD, Moise NS, editors. Textbook of Canine and Feline Cardiology: Principles and Clinical Practice. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1999. p. 457\u2013470.","journal-title":"Textbook of Canine and Feline Cardiology: Principles and Clinical Practice"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1997.tb03326.x","article-title":"Retrospective study of congenital heart defects in 151 dogs","volume":"38","author":"Tidholm A","year":"1997","unstructured":"Tidholm A. Retrospective study of congenital heart defects in 151 dogs. J Small Anim Pract. 1997;38(3):94\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1997.tb03326.x. Medline: 9097239","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2001.tb01590.x","article-title":"Balloon valvuloplasty in 30 dogs with pulmonic stenosis: effect of valve morphology and annular size on initial and 1-year outcome","volume":"15","author":"Bussadori C","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bussadori C, DeMadron E, Santilli RA, Borgarelli M. Balloon valvuloplasty in 30 dogs with pulmonic stenosis: effect of valve morphology and annular size on initial and 1-year outcome. J Vet Intern Med. 2001;15(6):553\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1892\/0891-6640(2001)015<0553:bvidwp>2.3.co;2. 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Epidemiology of heart disease in English bull terriers and echocardiographic characteristics of mitral valve abnormalities. J Small Anim Pract. 2022;63(5):372\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jsap.13472. Medline: 35014064","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16402","article-title":"Retrospective evaluation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 68 dogs","volume":"36","author":"Schober KE","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schober KE, Fox PR, Abbott J, Cote E, Luis-Fuentes V, Matos JN, . Retrospective evaluation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in 68 dogs. J Vet Intern Med. 2022;36(3):865\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvim.16402. Medline: 35322461","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2015.06.001","article-title":"Prevalence of congenital heart disease in 76,301 mixed-breed dogs and 57,025 mixed-breed cats","volume":"17","author":"Schrope DP","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schrope DP. Prevalence of congenital heart disease in 76,301 mixed-breed dogs and 57,025 mixed-breed cats. J Vet Cardiol. 2015;17(3):192\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvc.2015.06.001. Medline: 26363941","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0230160","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230160","article-title":"Epidemiological study of congenital heart diseases in dogs: prevalence, popularity, and volatility throughout twenty years of clinical practice","volume":"15","author":"Brambilla PG","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brambilla PG, Polli M, Pradelli D, Papa M, Rizzi R, Bagardi M, . Epidemiological study of congenital heart diseases in dogs: prevalence, popularity, and volatility throughout twenty years of clinical practice. PLoS One. 2020;15(7):e0230160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0230160. 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Medline: 28284205","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_9_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23292","article-title":"Virtual reality and cardiac anatomy: exploring immersive three-dimensional cardiac imaging, a pilot study in undergraduate medical anatomy education","volume":"32","author":"Maresky HS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maresky HS, Oikonomou A, Ali I, Ditkofsky N, Pakkal M, Ballyk B. Virtual reality and cardiac anatomy: exploring immersive three-dimensional cardiac imaging, a pilot study in undergraduate medical anatomy education. Clin Anat. 2019;32(2):238\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ca.23292. Medline: 30295333","journal-title":"Clin Anat"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-017-1058-1","article-title":"Computer model for the cardiovascular system: development of an e-learning tool for teaching of medical students","volume":"17","author":"Warriner DR","year":"2017","unstructured":"Warriner DR, Bayley M, Shi Y, Lawford PV, Narracott A, Fenner J. Computer model for the cardiovascular system: development of an e-learning tool for teaching of medical students. BMC Med Educ. 2017;17(1):220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-017-1058-1. 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