{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T16:40:13Z","timestamp":1792428013452,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Medical Education"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Career development in veterinary education is shaped by multiple psychological and contextual factors, with career-related self-efficacy recognized as a primary driver of professional choice and persistence. This exploratory study investigated the relationships between social values, work values, general self-efficacy, and career-related self-efficacy among 100 first-year and fifth-year students within the Department of Veterinary Medicine at National Taiwan University. Participants completed a structured questionnaire derived from validated scales. Descriptive analyses revealed moderately high levels across all constructs, and demonstrating robust internal consistency. Although male students reported higher general self-efficacy, no significant sex differences were observed in career-related self-efficacy or other values. Notably, fifth-year students scored significantly lower than first-year students in social values, work values, and career-related self-efficacy. Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant positive associations among the variables, with general self-efficacy exhibiting the most robust correlation with career-related self-efficacy, followed by work values and social values. Multiple regression analysis was performed to identify the unique contributions of social values, work values, and general self-efficacy to career-related self-efficacy, beyond the effects of demographic and experiential factors, collectively accounting for 60.7% of the variance. Within the work values domain, the Reward dimension received the lowest scores, aligning with realistic outcome expectations regarding the local labor market. These findings underscore the need to bolster students' general self-efficacy and align veterinary curricula with their work values to foster career-related self-efficacy. Further research is warranted to explore whether integrating these elements into veterinary training enhances students\u2019 preparedness for clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme-2025-0144","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:26:57Z","timestamp":1787844417000},"page":"640-646","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Exploratory Study of the Relationships Between Social Values, Work Values, General Self-Efficacy, and Career-Related Self-Efficacy Among Veterinary Students in Taiwan"],"prefix":"10.3138","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8620-6633","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pei-Chuan","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Teacher Education Center, National Chiayi University, No. 85, Wenlong Village, Minxiong Township, Chiayi County 62103, Taiwan, ROC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0459-9270","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zheng-Wei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International and Mainland China Affairs, National Quemoy University, No. 1 University Rd., Jinning Township, Kinmen County 892, Taiwan, ROC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4983-2786","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chung-Hsi","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1 Sec. 4. Roosevelt Rd., Taipei, 106319, Taiwan, ROC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1174-0288","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Peck Toung","family":"Ooi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2237-1526","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jyh-Mirn","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, No. 580 XinMin Rd., Chiayi City, 60004, Taiwan, ROC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1696","reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_9_2_2","volume-title":"OIE recommendations on the competencies of graduating veterinarians (\u201cDay 1 graduates\u201d) to assure National Veterinary Services of quality","author":"World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH)","year":"2021","unstructured":"World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). OIE recommendations on the competencies of graduating veterinarians (\u201cDay 1 graduates\u201d) to assure National Veterinary Services of quality [Internet]. Paris: WOAH; 2021 [cited 2023 Aug 8]. Available from: https:\/\/www.woah.org\/app\/uploads\/2021\/03\/dayone-b-ang-vc.pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1006\/jvbe.1994.1027","article-title":"Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance","volume":"45","author":"Lent RW","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lent RW, Brown SD, Hackett G. Toward a unifying social cognitive theory of career and academic interest, choice, and performance. J Vocat Behav. 1994;45(1):79\u2013122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/jvbe.1994.1027.","journal-title":"J Vocat Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033446","article-title":"Social cognitive model of career self-management: toward a unifying view of adaptive career behavior across the life span","volume":"60","author":"Lent RW","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lent RW, Brown, SD. Social cognitive model of career self-management: toward a unifying view of adaptive career behavior across the life span. J Couns Psychol. 2013;60(4):557\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0033446. Medline: 23815631","journal-title":"J Couns Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2009.10.008","article-title":"College students\u2019 perceptions of calling in work and life: a qualitative analysis","volume":"76","author":"Hunter I","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hunter I, Dik BJ, Banning JH. College students\u2019 perceptions of calling in work and life: a qualitative analysis. J Vocat Behav. 2010;76(2):178\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvb.2009.10.008.","journal-title":"J Vocat Behav"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2021.103645","article-title":"Students\u2019 career exploration: a meta-analysis","volume":"131","author":"Kleine AK","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kleine AK, Schmitt A, Wisse B. Students\u2019 career exploration: a meta-analysis. J Vocat Behav. 2021;131:103645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvb.2021.103645.","journal-title":"J Vocat Behav"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s11628-019-00402-8","article-title":"Effects of career barriers on career self-efficacy and career preparation behavior among undergraduates majoring in aviation tourism","volume":"13","author":"Jeon A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jeon A. Effects of career barriers on career self-efficacy and career preparation behavior among undergraduates majoring in aviation tourism. Serv Bus. 2019;13:715\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11628-019-00402-8.","journal-title":"Serv Bus"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/1038416217751566","article-title":"Perceptions of students and employers regarding employability skills for entry-level positions in marketing and sales","volume":"28","author":"Chowdhury TA","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chowdhury TA, Miah MK. Perceptions of students and employers regarding employability skills for entry-level positions in marketing and sales. Aust J Career Dev. 2019;28(1):3\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1038416217751566.","journal-title":"Aust J Career Dev."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvb.2010.06.005","article-title":"The mediating roles of career self-efficacy and career decidedness in the relationship between contextual support and persistence","volume":"77","author":"Restubog SLD","year":"2010","unstructured":"Restubog SLD, Florentino AR, Garcia PRJM. The mediating roles of career self-efficacy and career decidedness in the relationship between contextual support and persistence. J Vocat Behav. 2010;77(2):186\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvb.2010.06.005.","journal-title":"J Vocat Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/01443410.2021.2007853","article-title":"Relations between different career-development profiles, academic self-efficacy, and academic motivation in adolescents","volume":"42","author":"Deng X","year":"2022","unstructured":"Deng X, Zeng H, Liang M, Qiu J. Relations between different career-development profiles, academic self-efficacy, and academic motivation in adolescents. Educ Psychol. 2022;42(3):259\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01443410.2021.1887116.","journal-title":"Educ Psychol"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_11_2","first-page":"1274430","volume-title":"Front Educ.","author":"Zhou D","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou D, Peng Z, Zhou H. The influence of career decision-making self-efficacy on employability of higher vocational students: mediated by emotional intelligence Front Educ. 2023;8:1274430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/feduc.2023.1274430."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_9_12_2","first-page":"27","article-title":"Understanding veterinary","volume":"2","author":"Snyder AM","year":"2019","unstructured":"Snyder AM, Royal KD. Understanding veterinary students\u2019 intrinsic, extrinsic, and lifestyle values. Educ Health Prof. 2019;2(1):27\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/EHP.EHP_4_19.","journal-title":"Educ Health Prof"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_9_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.23.09.0508","article-title":"Empowering learner self-efficacy in student-focused veterinary education","volume":"261","author":"Mills K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mills K. Empowering learner self-efficacy in student-focused veterinary education. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2023;261(11):1741. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.23.09.0508. Medline: 37863095","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-023-03695-0","article-title":"Relationships between psychological characteristics, academic fit, engagement and performance in veterinary medical students","volume":"19","author":"Muca E","year":"2023","unstructured":"Muca E, Molino M, Ghislieri C, Baratta M, Odore R, Bergero D, . Relationships between psychological characteristics, academic fit, engagement and performance in veterinary medical students. BMC Vet Res. 2023;19:132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12917-023-03695-0. Medline: 37620884","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_9_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2161-1920.2013.00034.x","article-title":"An individual's work values in career development","volume":"50","author":"Choi BY","year":"2013","unstructured":"Choi BY, Kim B, Jang SH, Jung SH, Ahn SS, Lee SM, . An individual's work values in career development. J Employ Couns. 2013;50(4):154\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/j.2161-1920.2013.00034.x.","journal-title":"J Employ Couns"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.5539\/ijms.v10n4p86","article-title":"Work values, satisfaction, and self-efficacy of college student voluntourists in southern China","volume":"10","author":"Chen H","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen H, Xi L, Zhao J. Work values, satisfaction, and self-efficacy of college student voluntourists in southern China. Int J Mark Stud. 2018;10(3):86\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5539\/ijms.v10n4p86.","journal-title":"Int J Mark Stud"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1108\/HESWBL-09-2018-0088","article-title":"Effects of work value orientation and academic major satisfaction on career decision-making self-efficacy","volume":"9","author":"Doo MY","year":"2019","unstructured":"Doo MY, Park SH. Effects of work value orientation and academic major satisfaction on career decision-making self-efficacy. High Educ Skills Work Based Learn. 2019;9(4):550\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/HESWBL-09-2018-0088.","journal-title":"High Educ Skills Work Based Learn"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_9_18_2","first-page":"131","article-title":"An alumni survey to assess the curriculum and education provided by the Department of Veterinary Medicine of National Taiwan University","volume":"35","author":"Chou C-H","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chou C-H, Wang F-IY, Jiang S-F, Weng Y-T, Liu C-H. An alumni survey to assess the curriculum and education provided by the Department of Veterinary Medicine of National Taiwan University. Taiwan J Vet Med. 2009;35(2):131\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7009\/TVJ.200906.0131.","journal-title":"Taiwan J Vet Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_9_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-5914.2011.00470.x","article-title":"The role of plurality and context in social values","volume":"41","author":"Tsirogianni S","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tsirogianni S, Gaskell G. The role of plurality and context in social values. J Theory Soc Behav. 2011;41(4):441\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-5914.2011.00470.x.","journal-title":"J Theory Soc Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_9_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-0597.1999.tb00048.x","article-title":"Basic individual values, work values, and the meaning of work","volume":"48","author":"Ros M","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ros M. Basic individual values, work values, and the meaning of work. Appl Psychol Int Rev. 1999;48(1):49\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1464-0597.1999.tb00048.x.","journal-title":"Appl Psychol Int Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_21_2","first-page":"54","volume-title":"Life roles, values and careers: international findings of the Work Importance Study","author":"Super DE","year":"1995","unstructured":"Super DE, Sverko B, editors. Life roles, values and careers: international findings of the Work Importance Study. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 1995. p. 54\u201361."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_9_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.69.3.379","article-title":"Facet of work values: a structural analysis of work outcomes","volume":"69","author":"Elizur D","year":"1984","unstructured":"Elizur D. Facet of work values: a structural analysis of work outcomes. J Appl Psychol. 1984;69(3):379\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0021-9010.69.3.379.","journal-title":"J Appl Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_9_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1177\/0894845308317934","article-title":"Career development strivings: assessing goals and motivation in career decision-making and planning","volume":"35","author":"Dik BJ","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dik BJ, Sargent AM, Steger MF. Career development strivings: assessing goals and motivation in career decision-making and planning. J Career Dev. 2008;35(1):23\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0894845308317934.","journal-title":"J Career Dev"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_9_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.5330\/PSC.n.2010-11.285","article-title":"Factors influencing high school students\u2019 career aspirations","volume":"11","author":"Tang M","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tang M, Pan W, Newmeyer MD. Factors influencing high school students\u2019 career aspirations. Prof Sch Couns. 2008;11(5):285\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5330\/PSC.n.2010-11.285.","journal-title":"Prof Sch Couns"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_9_25_2","first-page":"126","article-title":"Problem-based learning, education and employability: a case study with master's students from Aalborg University, Denmark","volume":"19","author":"Clausen HB","year":"2018","unstructured":"Clausen HB, Andersson V. Problem-based learning, education and employability: a case study with master's students from Aalborg University, Denmark. J Teach Travel Tour. 2018;19(2):126\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15313220.2018.1522290.","journal-title":"J Teach Travel Tour"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_9_26_2","first-page":"177","article-title":"Patterns and determinants of Indonesian accounting students\u2019 career choice","volume":"21","author":"Indriani E","year":"2018","unstructured":"Indriani E, Murti NW. Patterns and determinants of Indonesian accounting students\u2019 career choice. J Econ Bus Account Ventura. 2018;21(2):177\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14414\/jebav.v21i2.1438.","journal-title":"J Econ Bus Account Ventura"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_27_2","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203771587.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_28_2","first-page":"17","article-title":"Retention of employees through career development, employee engagement and work\u2013life balance: an empirical study among employees in the financial sector in Djibouti, East Africa","volume":"12","author":"Houssein AA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Houssein AA, Singh JSK, Arumugam T. Retention of employees through career development, employee engagement and work\u2013life balance: an empirical study among employees in the financial sector in Djibouti, East Africa. Glob Bus Manag Res [Internet]. 2020;12:17\u201332. Available from: https:\/\/www.gbmrjournal.com\/pdf\/v12n3\/V12N3-2.pdf.","journal-title":"Glob Bus Manag Res [Internet]"},{"issue":"162","key":"e_1_3_9_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/yd.20332","article-title":"An empirical study of the role of student employment in leadership learning","volume":"2019","author":"Lewis JS","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lewis JS. An empirical study of the role of student employment in leadership learning. New Dir Stud Leadersh. 2019;2019(162):37\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/yd.20332. Medline: 31066500","journal-title":"New Dir Stud Leadersh"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/utppublishing.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/jvme-2025-0144","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T15:52:00Z","timestamp":1792425120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/utppublishing.com\/doi\/10.3138\/jvme-2025-0144"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3138\/jvme-2025-0144"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/jvme-2025-0144","relation":{},"ISSN":["0748-321X","1943-7218"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0748-321X","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-7218","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]]}}}