{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T16:41:24Z","timestamp":1786466484258,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Medical Education"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture is the most common canine orthopedic condition and can be diagnosed by eliciting a cranial drawer sign upon examination. However, teaching students to identify this finding is dependent upon caseload and can cause discomfort to a patient. Simulation offers a benign, perpetually available method of teaching students to evaluate stifle stability. This study sought to create and validate a canine stifle model using a validation framework consisting of content evidence and evidence of a relationship with other variables (level of training). The stifle model used a skeleton of anatomically accurate, articulated bones with foam representing soft tissues and silicone skin. A mechanism adjusted cranial drawer from present to absent. Veterinarians (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a022) evaluated the model's features, providing content evidence. Veterinarians, along with 56 veterinary students, palpated two models: one with a stable CCL and one with a ruptured CCL. Ninety-five percent of veterinarians agreed\/strongly agreed that the model had adequate landmarks; only 5% disagreed that the model was appropriately realistic. All veterinarians responded that the model was suitable to teach and assess the skill. Students were similarly positive in their responses. Veterinarians were more accurate at diagnosing CCL stability (22\/22 veterinarians vs. 44\/56 or 79% students;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.05) and rupture (20\/22 or 91% veterinarians vs. 39\/56 or 70% students;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.05). Veterinarians\u2019 survey responses (content evidence) and ability to detect CCL stability and rupture more accurately than students (evidence of a relationship with other variables) support validation based on this study's framework.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme-2025-0154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T15:45:25Z","timestamp":1786463125000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Canine Pelvic Limb Model is Valid for Teaching Veterinary Students to Assess Cranial Cruciate Ligament Stability"],"prefix":"10.3138","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1974-2142","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Robert S.","family":"Gilley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lincoln Memorial University Richard A. Gillespie College of Veterinary Medicine, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN 37752 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan","family":"Vukicevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cologne Animal Hospital, 727 W. White Horse Pike,Cologne, NJ 08213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Blowers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Associate Veterinarian, 1202 SW 15TH Street, Cape Coral, FL 33991 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Emergency Clinic, 3352 S Highway 17\/92, Casselberry, FL 32707 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Brock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sheabel Veterinary Hospital, 2568 Richmond Road, Lexington, KY 40509 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Conway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MedVet Medical &amp; Cancer Center for Pets, 3964 Red Bank Road, Fairfax, OH 45227 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1927-432X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julie A.","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lincoln Memorial University Richard A. Gillespie College of Veterinary Medicine, 6965 Cumberland Gap Parkway, Harrogate, TN 37752 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1696","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.227.1604","article-title":"Estimate of the annual economic impact of treatment of cranial cruciate ligament injury in dogs in the United States","volume":"227","author":"Wilke VL","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wilke VL, Robinson DA, Evans RB, Rothschild MF, Conzemius MG. Estimate of the annual economic impact of treatment of cranial cruciate ligament injury in dogs in the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2005;227(10):1604\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2460\/javma.2005.227.1604. Medline: 16313037","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.5326\/0400385","article-title":"Cranial cruciate ligament pathophysiology in dogs with cruciate disease: a review","volume":"40","author":"Hayashi K","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hayashi K, Manley PA, Muir P. Cranial cruciate ligament pathophysiology in dogs with cruciate disease: a review. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2004;40(5):385\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5326\/0400385. Medline: 15347618","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_9_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00654.x","article-title":"A review of the pathogenesis of canine cranial cruciate ligament disease as a basis for future preventative strategies","volume":"39","author":"Griffon DJ","year":"2010","unstructured":"Griffon DJ. A review of the pathogenesis of canine cranial cruciate ligament disease as a basis for future preventative strategies. Vet Surg. 2010;39(4):399\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2010.00654.x. Medline: 20345536","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-07-07-0070","article-title":"Meniscal injury following initial cranial cruciate ligament stabilization surgery in 26 dogs (29 stifles)","volume":"21","author":"Case JB","year":"2008","unstructured":"Case JB, Hulse D, Kerwin SC, Peycke LE. Meniscal injury following initial cranial cruciate ligament stabilization surgery in 26 dogs (29 stifles). Vet Comp Arthop Traumatol. 2008;21(4):365\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3415\/vcot-07-07-0070. Medline: 18704244","journal-title":"Vet Comp Arthop Traumatol"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-200410001-00022"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.3.363"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_8_2","first-page":"2090","volume-title":"Textbook of Small Animal Surgery.","author":"Vasseur PB","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vasseur PB. Stifle joint. In: Slatter D, editor. Textbook of Small Animal Surgery. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2003. p. 2090\u2013133.","edition":"3"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1991.tb00524.x","article-title":"Meniscal damage associated with cruciate disease in the dog","volume":"32","author":"Bennett D","year":"1991","unstructured":"Bennett D, May C. Meniscal damage associated with cruciate disease in the dog. J Small Anim Pract. 1991;32(3):111\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1748-5827.1991.tb00524.x","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_10_2","first-page":"1110","volume-title":"Small Animal Surgery.","author":"Johnson AL","year":"2002","unstructured":"Johnson AL, Hulse DA. Cranial cruciate ligament rupture. In: Fossum T, editor. Small Animal Surgery. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 2002. p. 1110\u201322.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_11_2","first-page":"24","article-title":"Current concepts in the treatment of cranial cruciate ligament injury","volume":"5","author":"Harari J","year":"1995","unstructured":"Harari J. Current concepts in the treatment of cranial cruciate ligament injury. Waltham Focus. 1995;5:24\u201331.","journal-title":"Waltham Focus"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_9_12_2","first-page":"42","article-title":"Diagnosing and treating meniscal injuries in the dog","volume":"89","author":"Williams J","year":"1994","unstructured":"Williams J, Tomlinson JL, Constantinescu GM. Diagnosing and treating meniscal injuries in the dog. Vet Med. 1994;89(1):42\u20137.","journal-title":"Vet Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_9_13_2","first-page":"14","article-title":"Alternatives to the use of living animals in the student surgery laboratory","volume":"13","author":"Jennings P","year":"1986","unstructured":"Jennings P. Alternatives to the use of living animals in the student surgery laboratory. J Vet Med Educ. 1986;13(1):14\u20135.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Educ"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_9_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1991.tb00342.x","article-title":"A comparison of surgical training with live anesthetized dogs and cadavers","volume":"20","author":"Carpenter L","year":"1991","unstructured":"Carpenter L, Piermattei D, Salman M, Orton E, Nelson A, Smeak D, . A comparison of surgical training with live anesthetized dogs and cadavers. Vet Surg. 1991;20(6):373\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1991.tb00342.x. Medline: 1369518","journal-title":"Vet Surg"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_15_2","volume-title":"Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Veterinary Education","author":"AAVMC Task Force on the Use of Animals in Veterinary Education","year":"2022","unstructured":"AAVMC Task Force on the Use of Animals in Veterinary Education, Hunt, JA, Baillie, S, Beaver, BV, Carey, AMJ, Cary, JA, Delcambre, J, Foster, DM, Hendrickson, DA, Huxley, JN, Mashima, TY. Guidelines for the Use of Animals in Veterinary Education. Washington, DC: American Association of Veterinary Medical Colleges, 2022."},{"key":"e_1_3_9_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13683"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.32.4.461"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_9_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme-2022-0113","article-title":"The rapid and international expansion of veterinary clinical skills laboratories: a survey to establish recent developments","volume":"51","author":"Baillie S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Baillie S, Dilly M, Ciappesoni JL, Read E. The rapid and international expansion of veterinary clinical skills laboratories: a survey to establish recent developments. J Vet Med Educ. 2023;51(2):215\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/jvme-2022-0113. Medline: 36795498","journal-title":"J Vet Med Educ"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.0216-030R1"},{"issue":"5955","key":"e_1_3_9_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5955.447","article-title":"Assessment of clinical competence using objective structured examination","volume":"1","author":"Harden R","year":"1975","unstructured":"Harden R, Stevenson M, Downie W, Wilson G. Assessment of clinical competence using objective structured examination. Br Med J. 1975;1(5955):447\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.1.5955.447. Medline: 1115966","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.33.4.578"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.37.4.395"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_9_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-009-0634-9","article-title":"Validation and implementation of surgical simulators: a critical review of present, past, and future","volume":"24","author":"Schout BMA","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schout BMA, Hendrikx AJM, Scheele F, Bemelmans BLH, Scherpbier AJJA. Validation and implementation of surgical simulators: a critical review of present, past, and future. Surg Endosc. 2010;24(3):536\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-009-0634-9. Medline: 19633886","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.0914-094R1"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_25_2","volume-title":"Standards for educational and psychological testing","author":"American Educational Research Association","year":"2014","unstructured":"American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, National Council on Measurement in Education, Joint Committee on Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing (U.S.). Standards for educational and psychological testing. American Educational Research Association; 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_9_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.2013.12087465","article-title":"The argument-based approach to validation","volume":"42","author":"Kane MT","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kane MT. The argument-based approach to validation. Sch Psychol Rev. 2013;42:448\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/02796015.2013.12087465","journal-title":"Sch Psychol Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.2018-0016"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.1117-158r1"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_9_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.58292\/ct.v14i4.9170","article-title":"Development and validation of an ovine caesarean section model and rubric","volume":"14","author":"Gibbons P","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gibbons P, Devine E, Dutton D, Pulliam T, Anderson S, Hunt J. Development and validation of an ovine caesarean section model and rubric. Clin Therio. 2022;14(4):348\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.58292\/ct.v14i4.9170","journal-title":"Clin Therio"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.0718-085"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2923.2012.04243.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.0815-138R1"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_9_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.2018-0001","article-title":"Comparison of a silicon skin pad and a tea towel as models for learning a simple interrupted suture","volume":"47","author":"Baillie S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baillie S, Christopher R, Catterall A, Kruydenberg A, Lawrenson K, Wonham K, . Comparison of a silicon skin pad and a tea towel as models for learning a simple interrupted suture. J Vet Med Educ. 2019;47(4):516\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/jvme.2018-0001. Medline: 31738680","journal-title":"J Vet Med Educ"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.13224"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_9_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2008.00723.x","article-title":"Preliminary study evaluating tests used to diagnose canine cruciate ligament failure","volume":"50","author":"Carobbi B","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carobbi B, Ness M. Preliminary study evaluating tests used to diagnose canine cruciate ligament failure. J Small Anim Prac. 2009;50(5):224\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2008.00723.x","journal-title":"J Small Anim Prac"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/utppublishing.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/jvme-2025-0154","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T15:45:28Z","timestamp":1786463128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/utppublishing.com\/doi\/10.3138\/jvme-2025-0154"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.3138\/jvme-2025-0154"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/jvme-2025-0154","relation":{},"ISSN":["0748-321X","1943-7218"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0748-321X","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-7218","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"article-number":"e20250154"}}