{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T22:13:31Z","timestamp":1794003211041,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Medical Education"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    3D teaching, including various types of mixed and virtual reality, are increasingly being used in anatomy, including on veterinary programs. In this study we compared the use of 3D mixed reality holographic technology and a 2D PowerPoint teaching resource to investigate the proof of concept of the usability and efficacy of the 3D technology. The anatomical area of the equine sinuses was the subject matter. The study design involved a series of questionnaires and tests delivered before and after the students used the learning resource. First-year veterinary students were randomly allocated to either the 3D or 2D group. Spatial ability and cognitive load were measured before, and cognitive load, task load, a 10-question spot test, and motion sickness (3D group only) were measured after. All students provided feedback via a short survey. The 2D group performed better in the spot test than the 3D group ( t\n                    <jats:sub>16.33<\/jats:sub>\n                    = -3.19, p &lt; .05). No differences were noted for task load ( p &gt; .05) nor in the overall cognitive load (3D: V = 31.5, p = .2767, 2D: V = 23.5, p = .706); however, more participants in the 3D group exhibited a reduced cognitive load. Limited motion sickness symptoms were reported by participants in the 3D group. Qualitative findings from the survey demonstrated that the 2D group indicated difficulty in converting from 2D to 3D, and that the 3D group enjoyed the possibility of moving around the hologram. These findings demonstrate that the 3D mixed reality holographic technology had reasonable usability as a teaching resource, but future work is required into the efficacy of such technology for learning.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme-2025-0160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T16:33:41Z","timestamp":1781886821000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparative Evaluation of a Hologram (3D) and PowerPoint (2D) as Educational Methods for Learning Veterinary Anatomy of the Equine Paranasal Sinuses"],"prefix":"10.3138","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2816-2402","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julie","family":"Dickson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Veterinary School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steph","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Veterinary School, Brinsea Building, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8665-8369","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sarah","family":"Baillie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Veterinary School, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1696","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S87","DOI":"10.1097\/00001888-199910000-00049","volume":"74","author":"Garg A","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acad Med"},{"key":"r2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.15694\/mep.2017.000092","volume":"6","author":"Li KHC","year":"2017","journal-title":"MedEdPublish"},{"key":"r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-06070-1_4","volume":"1120","author":"Keenan ID","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.7861\/fhj.2019-0036","volume":"6","author":"Pottle J","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Healthc J"},{"issue":"2","key":"r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2162","volume":"15","author":"Papa V","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2530","volume":"18","author":"Brun H","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"key":"r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2020.101699","volume":"105","author":"Alhonkoski M","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Educ Res"},{"key":"r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-79062-2","volume-title":"Virtual and augmented reality (VR\/AR): foundations and methods of extended realities (XR)","author":"Doerner R","year":"2022"},{"key":"r9","unstructured":"Denoyel A, Pinson C, Passet P. Sketchfab. 2012. https:\/\/sketchfab.com\/"},{"issue":"10","key":"r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4174","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-016-4800-6","volume":"30","author":"Barsom EZ","year":"2016","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2023.106200","volume":"165","author":"Kennedy GAL","year":"2023","journal-title":"Saf Sci"},{"key":"r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093014","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1093014","volume":"14","author":"Sch\u00f6ne B","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15292","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94721-4","volume":"11","author":"B\u00f6lek KA","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365345","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2024.1365345","volume":"6","author":"Tene T","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Digit Health"},{"key":"r15","unstructured":"Hunt A, Delcambre J, Baillie S. AAVMC use of animals in Veterinary Education Handbook. 2024. https:\/\/www.aavmc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/AAVMC-AnimalUse-Handbook-06.pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"r16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34860","DOI":"10.2196\/34860","volume":"8","author":"Jiang H","year":"2022","journal-title":"JMIR Med Educ"},{"key":"r17","unstructured":"Moore JN. Glass horse. 2001. https:\/\/norecopa.no\/norina\/the-glass-horse-equine-colic\/."},{"key":"r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linton A, Ray SL. Developing and implementing an assessment method to evaluate a virtual canine anatomy program. J Vet Med Educ. 2005;32(2):249\u201354.","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.32.2.249"},{"key":"r19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nemanic S, Viehdorfer M, Bailey M. The effectiveness of a 3D computerized tutorial to enhance learning of the canine larynx and hyoid apparatus. 2016;43(3):243\u201354.","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme.0815-139R"},{"issue":"2","key":"r20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2087","volume":"15","author":"Linton A","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"issue":"6","key":"r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.109","volume":"2","author":"Kinnison T","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"issue":"24","key":"r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3517","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12243517","volume":"12","author":"Aghapour M","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"issue":"6","key":"r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00338.2018","volume":"125","author":"Gavgani AM","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol (1985)"},{"issue":"17","key":"r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2020.1778351","volume":"36","author":"Chang E","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Hum Comput Interact"},{"key":"r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130486","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3007076","volume":"8","author":"Chattha UA","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"issue":"4","key":"r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-898X.6.4.307","volume":"6","author":"Waller D","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Appl"},{"issue":"8","key":"r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0212","volume":"32","author":"Wright RJ","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1655","volume":"10","author":"Langlois J","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"issue":"6","key":"r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2146","volume":"15","author":"Ho S","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"r30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme-2021-0134","volume":"50","author":"Canright A","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Med Educ"},{"key":"r31","unstructured":"Roosendaal T. Blender. 2024:(Version 3.3.21). https:\/\/www.blender.org\/."},{"key":"r32","unstructured":"Jacob W, Bokun D. Instant meshes. 2024. https:\/\/github.com\/wjakob\/instant-meshes."},{"issue":"1","key":"r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326985EP3801_8","volume":"38","author":"Paas F","year":"2003","journal-title":"Educ Psychol"},{"key":"r34","first-page":"139","volume":"52","author":"Hart SG","year":"1988","journal-title":"Encycl Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327108ijap0303_3","volume":"3","author":"Kennedy RS","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int J Aviat Psychol"},{"key":"r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bimberg P, Weissker T, Kulik A. On the usage of the simulator sickness questionnaire for virtual reality research. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW); 2020 Mar 22\u201326; Atlanta, GA, USA; p. 464\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/VRW50115.2020.00098","DOI":"10.1109\/VRW50115.2020.00098"},{"key":"r37","volume-title":"Manual for kit of factor-referenced cognitive tests","author":"Ekstrom R","year":"1976"},{"key":"r38","volume-title":"R: a language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2025"},{"issue":"4","key":"r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence10040083","volume":"10","author":"Macaluso JA","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Intell"},{"issue":"5","key":"r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1096\/fba.2019-00094","volume":"2","author":"Bringman-Rodenbarger L","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB BioAdvances"},{"issue":"6","key":"r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1475","volume":"7","author":"McMenamin PG","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1718","volume":"11","author":"Smith CF","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"issue":"3","key":"r43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-020-00990-5","volume":"30","author":"Yuen J","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Sci Educ"},{"key":"r44","unstructured":"Dickson J. Exploring spatial ability in veterinary students and the relationship to teaching methods. 2019."},{"issue":"1","key":"r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-023-04744-w","volume":"23","author":"Brumpt E","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"6","key":"r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.2321","volume":"16","author":"Rocha-Mart\u00ednez N","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"issue":"5","key":"r47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1080\/01421599979239","volume":"21","author":"Garg A","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med Teach"},{"issue":"4","key":"r48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1345","volume":"6","author":"Preece D","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anat Sci Educ"},{"key":"r49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/jvme-2024-0011"},{"issue":"2","key":"r50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-025-02291-1","volume":"35","author":"Foley M","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med Sci Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"r51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12216","volume":"34","author":"Dan A","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Comput Assist Learn"},{"key":"r52","first-page":"100247","volume":"31","author":"Michalski C","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Res Anat"},{"issue":"1","key":"r53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s43621-024-00310-6","volume":"5","author":"Jian Y","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov Sustain"},{"issue":"1","key":"r54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1089\/lap.2012.0150","volume":"23","author":"Foo JL","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A"},{"key":"r55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2024.115322","volume":"477","author":"Che X","year":"2025","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Veterinary Medical Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/utppublishing.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/jvme-2025-0160","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T16:33:52Z","timestamp":1781886832000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/utppublishing.com\/doi\/10.3138\/jvme-2025-0160"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["10.3138\/jvme-2025-0160"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/jvme-2025-0160","relation":{},"ISSN":["0748-321X","1943-7218"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0748-321X","type":"print"},{"value":"1943-7218","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]]},"article-number":"e20250160"}}