{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T07:12:23Z","timestamp":1788419543257,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"University of Toronto Press Inc. (UTPress)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Physiotherapy Canada"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Purpose:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    Dry needling (DN) regulations among the Canadian physiotherapy colleges were compiled to make recommendations toward a national guideline.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Method:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    DN regulatory data extracted from regulatory body websites using an environmental scan framework was checked by an independent reviewer. Colleges were contacted to fill gaps identified from the web. Extracted content was compared to recommendations from two Canadian DN reviews to identify gaps in regulation.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Results:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    DN regulation is done through legislation (two colleges), practice guidelines (one), or both (seven), depending on the college and its provincial or territorial jurisdiction. Three colleges have prerequisites for DN courses, four have approved DN courses, nine require specific course content, three require minimum course hours, nine require registration or rostering, and three have continued competency expectations. No colleges have evidence-based guidelines to inform requirements or meet all DN recommendations.\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Conclusions:<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    Heterogeneity in regulation likely represents gaps that may potentially expose the public to risk. Physiotherapy colleges could review their regulatory process, address these gaps if they are deemed related to increase risk, and ultimately come to a consensus on what are the safest regulations of practice for Canadian physiotherapists.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3138\/ptc-2024-0037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T04:12:08Z","timestamp":1786162328000},"page":"300-307","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Environmental Scan of Canadian Physiotherapy Dry Needling Regulations"],"prefix":"10.3138","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Nadine","family":"Crocker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Parent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1696","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.15344\/2455-7498\/2019\/157","article-title":"Dry needling in physical therapy practice: adverse events","volume":"5","author":"Valdes V","year":"2019","unstructured":"Valdes V. Dry needling in physical therapy practice: adverse events. Int J Phys Ther Rehab. 2019;5(2):157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15344\/2455-7498\/2019\/157","journal-title":"Int J Phys Ther Rehab."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1136\/acupmed-2015-010911","article-title":"Dry needling versus acupuncture: the ongoing debate","volume":"33","author":"Zhou K","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhou K, Ma Y, Brogan MS. Dry needling versus acupuncture: the ongoing debate. Acupunct Med. 2015;33(6):485\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/acupmed-2015-010911. PMID: 26546163","journal-title":"Acupunct Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1179\/106698111X13129729552065","article-title":"Dry needling: peripheral and central considerations","volume":"19","author":"Dommerholt J","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dommerholt J. Dry needling: peripheral and central considerations. J Man Manip Ther. 2011;19(4):223\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/106698111X13129729552065. PMID: 23115475; PMCID: PMC3201653","journal-title":"J Man Manip Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-021-03440-w","article-title":"A mixed-methods survey of physiotherapists who practice acupuncture and dry needling in Ontario, Canada: practice characteristics, motivations, and professional outcomes","volume":"21","author":"Ijaz N","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ijaz N, Welsh S, Boon H. A mixed-methods survey of physiotherapists who practice acupuncture and dry needling in Ontario, Canada: practice characteristics, motivations, and professional outcomes. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021;21(1):264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12906-021-03440-w. PMID: 34666749; PMCID: PMC8524909","journal-title":"BMC Complement Med Ther."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","volume-title":"Accreditation scheme for advanced acupunture education for physiotherapists\/physical therapists","author":"International Acupuncture Association of Physiotherapists (IAAPT)","year":"2023","unstructured":"International Acupuncture Association of Physiotherapists (IAAPT). Accreditation scheme for advanced acupunture education for physiotherapists\/physical therapists [Internet]. IAAPT; 2023 [cited 2024 May 19]. Available from: https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240713093119\/https:\/\/iaapt.physio\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/Accreditation-Scheme-for-Advanced-Acupuncture-Education-for-Physical-Therapists-v.1.6-Jume-2023.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","volume-title":"Controlled acts and restricted activities","author":"College of Physiotherapists of Ontario (CPO)","year":"2016","unstructured":"College of Physiotherapists of Ontario (CPO). Controlled acts and restricted activities [Internet]. CPO; 2016 [cited 2023 Nov 2]. Available from: https:\/\/www.collegept.org\/rules-and-resources\/controlled-acts-and-restricted-activities."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","volume-title":"Health professions act: health professions restricted activity regulation","author":"Government of Alberta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Government of Alberta. Health professions act: health professions restricted activity regulation [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Oct 14]. Available from: https:\/\/kings-printer.alberta.ca\/1266.cfm?page=2023_022.cfm&leg_type=Regs&isbncln=9780779840748."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e943048","DOI":"10.12659\/MSMBR.943048","article-title":"Questionnaire-based study of 392 women in Abbottabad, Pakistan, to evaluate the types of cosmetic products purchased between December 2018 and March 2019 and their associated adverse events","volume":"30","author":"Nisar F","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nisar F, Ali A, Shahid H, . Questionnaire-based study of 392 women in Abbottabad, Pakistan, to evaluate the types of cosmetic products purchased between December 2018 and March 2019 and their associated adverse events. Med Sci Monit Basic Res. 2024;30:e943048\u20131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12659\/MSMBR.943048. PMID: 38549239; PMCID: PMC10986314","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit Basic Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2023.10.002","article-title":"Ocular surface toxicities associated with modern anticancer therapies","volume":"69","author":"Boucher R","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boucher R, Haigh O, Barreau E, . Ocular surface toxicities associated with modern anticancer therapies. Surv Ophthalmol. 2024;69(2):198\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.survophthal.2023.10.002. PMID: 37806566","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-023-03334-5","article-title":"Acute liver failure secondary to the use of unmonitored drugs and herbal supplements: an underreported and serious issue","volume":"192","author":"Ullah K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ullah K, Parekh ADE, Shaikh OA, . Acute liver failure secondary to the use of unmonitored drugs and herbal supplements: an underreported and serious issue. Ir J Med Sci. 2023;192(6):2969\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11845-023-03334-5. PMID: 36913077","journal-title":"Ir J Med Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1136\/aim.22.3.122","article-title":"A cumulative review of the range and incidence of significant adverse events associated with acupuncture","volume":"22","author":"White A","year":"2004","unstructured":"White A. A cumulative review of the range and incidence of significant adverse events associated with acupuncture. Acupunct Med. 2004;22(3):122\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/aim.22.3.122. PMID:\u00a015551936","journal-title":"Acupunct Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2020.102255","article-title":"A survey of American physical therapists\u2019 current practice of dry needling: practice patterns and adverse events","volume":"50","author":"Gattie E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gattie E, Cleland JA, Snodgrass S. A survey of American physical therapists\u2019 current practice of dry needling: practice patterns and adverse events. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 2020;50:102255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.msksp.2020.102255. PMID:\u00a032932050","journal-title":"Musculoskelet Sci Pract."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.26603\/ijspt20200103","article-title":"Adverse events associated with therapeutic dry needling","volume":"15","author":"Boyce D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boyce D, Wempe H, Campbell C, . Adverse events associated with therapeutic dry needling. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2020;15(1):102\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26603\/ijspt20200103. PMID:\u00a032089962; PMCID:\u00a0PMC7015026","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther."},{"issue":"29","key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","first-page":"59","article-title":"Intramuscular dry needling \u2013 potential adverse events and complications \u2013 literature review","author":"Skorupska E","year":"2019","unstructured":"Skorupska E. Intramuscular dry needling \u2013 potential adverse events and complications \u2013 literature review. IRONS. 2019;(29):59\u201373. https:\/\/archived.ironsjournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Skorupska-and-Karol-Szapel.pdf.","journal-title":"IRONS."},{"issue":"8958","key":"e_1_3_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91004-2","article-title":"Fatal cardiac tamponade after acupuncture through congenital sternal foramen","volume":"345","author":"Halvorsen TB","year":"1995","unstructured":"Halvorsen TB, Anda SS, Naess AB, . Fatal cardiac tamponade after acupuncture through congenital sternal foramen. Lancet. 1995;345(8958):1175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91004-2. PMID:\u00a07723561","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1136\/aim.19.2.103","article-title":"Rare but serious complications of acupuncture: traumatic lesions","volume":"19","author":"Peuker E","year":"2001","unstructured":"Peuker E, Gr\u00f6nemeyer D. Rare but serious complications of acupuncture: traumatic lesions. Acupunct Med. 2001;19(2):103\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/aim.19.2.103. PMID:\u00a011829156","journal-title":"Acupunct Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14874","article-title":"Fatal bilateral pneumothoraces after electroacupuncture treatment: a case report and literature review","volume":"67","author":"Yamaguchi R","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yamaguchi R, Makino Y, Torimitsu S, . Fatal bilateral pneumothoraces after electroacupuncture treatment: a case report and literature review. J Forensic Sci. 2022;67(1):377\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.14874. PMID:\u00a034435369","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_19_2","first-page":"581203","article-title":"Adverse events of acupuncture: a systematic review of case reports","volume":"2013","author":"Xu S","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xu S, Wang L, Cooper E, . Adverse events of acupuncture: a systematic review of case reports. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:581203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/581203. PMID:\u00a023573135; PMCID: PMC3616356","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1179\/2042618613Y.0000000044","article-title":"Adverse events following trigger point dry needling: a prospective survey of chartered physiotherapists","volume":"22","author":"Brady S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brady S, McEvoy J, Dommerholt J, . Adverse events following trigger point dry needling: a prospective survey of chartered physiotherapists. J Manip Ther. 2014;22(3):134\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/2042618613Y.0000000044. PMID:\u00a025125935; PMCID: PMC4101552","journal-title":"J Manip Ther."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1136\/acupmed-2018-011697","article-title":"Incidence of iatrogenic pneumothorax following acupuncture treatments in Taiwan","volume":"37","author":"Lin SK","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lin SK, Liu JM, Hsu RJ, . Incidence of iatrogenic pneumothorax following acupuncture treatments in Taiwan. Acupunct Med. 2019;37(6):332\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/acupmed-2018-011697. PMID:\u00a031433202","journal-title":"Acupunct Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_22_2","volume-title":"The safe practice of dry needling in alberta: summary report","author":"Health Quality Council of Alberta (HQCA)","year":"2014","unstructured":"Health Quality Council of Alberta (HQCA). The safe practice of dry needling in alberta: summary report [Internet]. HQCA; 2014 [cited 2023 Dec 23]. Available from: https:\/\/hqca.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/FINAL___Dry_Needling_Report_10202014.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_23_2","unstructured":"Choo CW. Environmental scanning as information seeking and organizational learning [Internet]. Information Research; 2001 [cited 2023 Oct 16]. Available from: https:\/\/informationr.net\/ir\/7-1\/paper112.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_24_2","volume-title":"Analysis of competencies for dry needling by physical therapists: final report","author":"Caramagno J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Caramagno J, Adrian, L, Muller L, . Analysis of competencies for dry needling by physical therapists: final report [Internet]. Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy; 2015 [cited 2023 Oct 21]. Available from: https:\/\/www.fsbpt.org\/Portals\/0\/documents\/free-resources\/DryNeedlingFinalReport_20150812.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_25_2","volume-title":"Guidelines for dry needling practice","author":"Irish Society of Chartered Physiotherapists (ISCP)","year":"2012","unstructured":"Irish Society of Chartered Physiotherapists (ISCP). Guidelines for dry needling practice [Internet]. ISCP; 2012 [cited 2024 Jan 14]. Available from: https:\/\/www.colfisiocv.com\/sites\/default\/files\/Guidelines%20for%20Dry%20Needling%20Practice%20ISCP%202012.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_26_2","volume-title":"Guidelines for safe acupuncture and dry needling practice","author":"Australian Society of Acupuncture Physiotherapists (ASAP)","year":"2013","unstructured":"Australian Society of Acupuncture Physiotherapists (ASAP). Guidelines for safe acupuncture and dry needling practice [Internet]. ASAP; 2013 [cited 2024 Jan 14]. Available from: https:\/\/dryneedling.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/01\/ASAP_Guidelines_2013.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_27_2","volume-title":"PAANZ safety guidelines 2023","author":"Physiotherapy Acupuncture Association of New Zealand (PAANZ)","year":"2023","unstructured":"Physiotherapy Acupuncture Association of New Zealand (PAANZ). PAANZ safety guidelines 2023 [Internet]. PAANZ: 2023 [updated 2025 June; cited 2023 Dec 4]. Available from: https:\/\/pnz.org.nz\/Attachment?Action=Download&Attachment_id=4421."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_28_2","volume-title":"Swiss guidelines for safe dry needling, v. 2.0","author":"Bachmann S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bachmann S, Colla F, Gr\u00f6bli C, . Swiss guidelines for safe dry needling, v. 2.0 [Internet]. Association Suisse de Dry Needling; 2022 [cited 2024 Jan 14]. Available from: https:\/\/www.dryneedling.ch\/default-wAssets\/docs\/pdfs\/Swiss-Guidelines-for-safe_Dry-Needling_2.0_English.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_29_2","volume-title":"Minimum standards in dry needling for physiotherapists in south africa: guideline","author":"South African Society of Physiotherapy (SASP)","year":"2017","unstructured":"South African Society of Physiotherapy (SASP). Minimum standards in dry needling for physiotherapists in south africa: guideline [Internet]. SASP; 2017 [cited 2023 Dec 11]. Available from: https:\/\/dryneedling.co.za\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/Minimum-Standards-for-Dry-Needling-in-SA_Rev-0_Jan-2017.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_30_2","volume-title":"Trigger point dry needling: safety guidelines","author":"McEvoy J","year":"2016","unstructured":"McEvoy J. Trigger point dry needling: safety guidelines [Internet]. Musculoskeletal Key; 2016 [cited 2023 Dec 11]. Available from: https:\/\/musculoskeletalkey.com\/trigger-point-dry-needling-safety-guidelines\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_31_2","volume-title":"Dry needling summary policy review","author":"College of Physical Therapists of British Columbia (CPTBC)","unstructured":"College of Physical Therapists of British Columbia (CPTBC). Dry needling summary policy review [Internet]. CPTBC; n.d. [cited 2023 Dec 11]. Available from: https:\/\/cptbc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/CPTBC-Dry-Needling-Summary-Policy-Review.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_32_2","volume-title":"Standards of practice: dry needling","author":"Prince Edward Island College of Physiotherapy (PEICPT)","year":"2020","unstructured":"Prince Edward Island College of Physiotherapy (PEICPT). Standards of practice: dry needling [Internet]. PEICPT; 2020 [cited 2023 Nov 2]. Available from: https:\/\/www.peicpt.com\/sitefiles\/Documents\/Practice-standards\/Practice-Standard_Dry-Needling_2020.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_33_2","volume-title":"Acupuncture and dry needling","author":"Chartered Society of Physiotherapy (CSP [UK])","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chartered Society of Physiotherapy (CSP [UK]). Acupuncture and dry needling [Internet]. CSP; 2023 [cited 2023 Dec 11]. Available from: https:\/\/www.csp.org.uk\/professional-clinical\/professional-guidance\/insurance\/acupuncture-dry-needling."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_8_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1179\/108331913X13844245102034","article-title":"Dry needling: a literature review with implications for clinical practice guidelines","volume":"19","author":"Dunning J","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dunning J, Butts R, Mourad F, . Dry needling: a literature review with implications for clinical practice guidelines. Phys Ther Rev. 2014;19(4):252\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/108331913X13844245102034. PMID:\u00a025143704; PMCID: PMC4117383","journal-title":"Phys Ther Rev."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_35_2","volume-title":"IADAPT guidelines for safe acupuncture and dry needling practice [Internet]","author":"International Acupuncture and Dry Needling Association of Physical Therapists (IADAPT)","year":"2016","unstructured":"International Acupuncture and Dry Needling Association of Physical Therapists (IADAPT). IADAPT guidelines for safe acupuncture and dry needling practice [Internet]. IADAPT: 2016 [cited 2023 Dec 20]. Available from: https:\/\/www.dsa-fysio.dk\/siteassets\/dokumenter\/iaapt-safe-acupuncture-standards-december-2016.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_36_2","volume-title":"WHO benchmarks for the practice of acupuncture [Internet]","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2020","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). WHO benchmarks for the practice of acupuncture [Internet]. WHO: 2020 [cited 2024 Jan 19] Available from: https:\/\/iris.who.int\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/340838\/9789240016880-eng.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_37_2","volume-title":"Home page [Internet]","author":"Saskatchewan College of Physical Therapists (SCPT)","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saskatchewan College of Physical Therapists (SCPT). Home page [Internet]. SCPT: 2022 [cited 2024 Jan 15]. Available from: https:\/\/www.scpt.org."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_38_2","volume-title":"Home page","unstructured":"College of Physiotherapists of Alberta (CPTA) [Internet]. Home page [cited 2024 Jan 15]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cpta.ab.ca\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_39_2","volume-title":"Inspiring public confidence [Internet]","author":"College of Physical Therapists of British Columbia (CPTBC)","year":"2024","unstructured":"College of Physical Therapists of British Columbia (CPTBC). Inspiring public confidence [Internet]. CPTBC; 2024 [cited 2024 Jan 15]. Available from: https:\/\/cptbc.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_40_2","volume-title":"Standards of practice: performance of restricted activities [Internet]","author":"College of Physiotherapists of Alberta (CPTA)","year":"2023","unstructured":"College of Physiotherapists of Alberta (CPTA). Standards of practice: performance of restricted activities [Internet]. CPTA; 2023 [cited 2023 Dec 23]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cpta.ab.ca\/for-physiotherapists\/regulatory-expectations\/standards-of-practice\/performance-of-restricted-activities\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_41_2","volume-title":"Restricted activities","author":"College of Physiotherapists of Alberta (CPTA)","year":"2024","unstructured":"College of Physiotherapists of Alberta (CPTA). Restricted activities [Internet]. CPTA; 2024 [cited 2024 Jan 1]. Available from: http:\/\/www.cpta.ab.ca\/for-physiotherapists\/regulatory-expectations\/restricted-activities\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_42_2","volume-title":"SCPT regulatory bylaws: office consolidated as of April 14[Internet]","author":"Saskatchewan College of Physical Therapists (SCPT)","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saskatchewan College of Physical Therapists (SCPT). SCPT regulatory bylaws: office consolidated as of April 14, 2022 [Internet]. SCPT; 2022 [cited 2023 Nov 2]. Available from: https:\/\/scpt.in1touch.org\/uploaded\/web\/website\/Legislation%20and%20Bylaws\/SCPT%20Regulatory%20Bylaw%20Consolidated%202022.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_43_2","volume-title":"SCPT practice resource: dry needling [Internet]","author":"Saskatchewan College of Physical Therapists (SCPT)","year":"2022","unstructured":"Saskatchewan College of Physical Therapists (SCPT). SCPT practice resource: dry needling [Internet]. SCPT; 2022 [cited 2023 Nov 2]. Available from: https:\/\/scpt.in1touch.org\/uploaded\/web\/website\/Standards%20and%20Resources\/Resources\/SCPT%20Practice%20Resource%2010%20Dry%20Needling%20August%202022.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_44_2","volume-title":"Practice direction: acupuncture and dry needle therapy [Internet]","author":"College of Physiotherapists of Manitoba (CPM)","year":"2018","unstructured":"College of Physiotherapists of Manitoba (CPM). Practice direction: acupuncture and dry needle therapy [Internet]. CPM; 2018 [cited 2023 Nov 2]. Available from: https:\/\/manitobaphysio.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/4.6-Acupuncture-and-Dry-Needle-Therapy.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_45_2","volume-title":"The physiotherapists act, C.C.S.M. c. P65 [Internet]","author":"Government of Manitoba","year":"2022","unstructured":"Government of Manitoba. The physiotherapists act, C.C.S.M. c. P65 [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2024 Jan 11]. Available from: https:\/\/web2.gov.mb.ca\/laws\/statutes\/ccsm\/p065.php."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_46_2","volume-title":"Regulated health professions act, 1991, S.O. 1991, chapter.18 [Internet]","author":"Government of Ontario","year":"2014","unstructured":"Government of Ontario. Regulated health professions act, 1991, S.O. 1991, chapter.18 [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2024 Jan 19]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ontario.ca\/laws\/statute\/91r18."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_47_2","volume-title":"Practice standard: use of needles [Internet]","author":"Nova Scotia College of Physiotherapists (NSCP)","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nova Scotia College of Physiotherapists (NSCP). Practice standard: use of needles [Internet]. NSCP; 2023 [cited 2023 Nov 2]. Available from: https:\/\/nsphysio.com\/images\/NSCPStandards\/Use_of_Needles_Standard_2023_05_17.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_48_2","volume-title":"Physiotherapy act SNS 1998 c.\u00a022.","author":"Government of Nova Scotia","unstructured":"Government of Nova Scotia. Physiotherapy act SNS 1998 c.\u00a022. Repealed 2025 Sept 5 [cited 2023 Nov 14]. Available from: https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/ns\/laws\/stat\/sns-1998-c-22\/latest\/sns-1998-c-22.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_49_2","volume-title":"Regulated health professions act: physiotherapists regulations [Internet]","author":"Government of Prince Edward Island","year":"2022","unstructured":"Government of Prince Edward Island. Regulated health professions act: physiotherapists regulations [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 June 18]. Available from: https:\/\/www.princeedwardisland.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/legislation\/r10-1-08-regulated_health_professions_act_physiotherapists_regulations.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_50_2","volume-title":"Health professions act: physiotherapists regulation, O.I.C. 2007\/019","author":"Government of Yukon","year":"2007","unstructured":"Government of Yukon. Health professions act: physiotherapists regulation, O.I.C. 2007\/019 [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2024 Feb 12]. Available from: https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/yk\/laws\/regu\/yoic-2007-19\/latest\/yoic-2007-19.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_51_2","volume-title":"Professional licensing: apply for a physiotherapist certificate [Internet]","author":"Government of Yukon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Government of Yukon. Professional licensing: apply for a physiotherapist certificate [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Nov 2]. Available from: https:\/\/yukon.ca\/en\/doing-business\/professional-licensing\/apply-physiotherapist-certificate."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_52_2","volume-title":"Regulation respecting a training activity by physiotherapists to insert needles under the dermis to reduce inflammation, as a supplemental means [Internet]","author":"Government of Quebec","year":"2007","unstructured":"Government of Quebec. Regulation respecting a training activity by physiotherapists to insert needles under the dermis to reduce inflammation, as a supplemental means [Internet]. 2007 [cited 2023 Dec 31]. Available from: https:\/\/oppq.qc.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/Regulation-needles-under-the-dermis.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_53_2","volume-title":"Regulation 6: acupuncture and dry needling services [Internet]","author":"College of Physiotherapists of New Brunswick","year":"2015","unstructured":"College of Physiotherapists of New Brunswick. Regulation 6: acupuncture and dry needling services [Internet]. 2015 [cited 2024 Jan 20]. Available from: https:\/\/cptnb.ca\/language\/en\/legislation\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_54_2","volume-title":"Dry needling [Internet]","author":"College of Physical Therapists of British Columbia (CPTBC)","year":"2023","unstructured":"College of Physical Therapists of British Columbia (CPTBC). Dry needling [Internet]. CPTBC; 2023 [cited 2023 Nov 2]. Available from: https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20240423131925\/https:\/\/cptbc.org\/physical-therapists\/practice-resources\/dry-needling-roster\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_55_2","volume-title":"Dry needling","author":"Saskatchewan College of Physical Therapist (SCPT)","unstructured":"Saskatchewan College of Physical Therapist (SCPT). Dry needling [Internet]. SCPT: n.d. [cited 2023 Nov 2]. Available from: https:\/\/www.scpt.org\/site\/dryneedling."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_56_2","volume-title":"Puncture physioth\u00e9rapique avec aiguilles seches : cours de base [Internet]","author":"Ordre professionnel de la physioth\u00e9rapie du Quebec (OPPQ)","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ordre professionnel de la physioth\u00e9rapie du Quebec (OPPQ). Puncture physioth\u00e9rapique avec aiguilles seches : cours de base [Internet]. OPPQ; 2024 [cited 2024 Jan 26]. Available from: https:\/\/oppq.qc.ca\/formation\/puncture-physiotherapique-base\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_57_2","volume-title":"Acupuncture (dry needling\/intramuscular stimulation) endorsement for physiotherapists. (Policy)","author":"Meagher N","year":"2018","unstructured":"Meagher N, Boodram C. Acupuncture (dry needling\/intramuscular stimulation) endorsement for physiotherapists. (Policy) Yukon Community Services, Professional Licencing and Regulatory Affairs; 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_58_2","volume-title":"Dry needling programme evaluation criteria [Internet]","author":"College of Physical Therapists of British Columbia (CPTBC)","year":"2021","unstructured":"College of Physical Therapists of British Columbia (CPTBC). Dry needling programme evaluation criteria [Internet]. CPTBC; 2021 [cited 2024 Jan 19]. Available from: https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20230307220901\/https:\/\/cptbc.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/Dry-Needling-Program-Evaluation-Criteria.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_59_2","volume-title":"Application: authorization to use needles [Internet]","author":"College of Physiotherapists of Alberta (CPA)","unstructured":"College of Physiotherapists of Alberta (CPA). Application: authorization to use needles [Internet]. CPA; n.d. [cited 2024 Jan 18]. Available from: https:\/\/cpta.jotform.com\/220464642601044."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_60_2","volume-title":"Application for approval of an educational course [Internet]","author":"Saskatchewan College of Physical Therapists (SCPT)","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saskatchewan College of Physical Therapists (SCPT). Application for approval of an educational course [Internet]. SCPT; 2023 [cited 2023 Nov 2]. Available from: https:\/\/scpt.in1touch.org\/uploaded\/web\/Educational%20Course%20Approval%20Application.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_61_2","volume-title":"Understanding dry needling risks and consent [Internet]","author":"College of Physiotherapists of Alberta (CPA)","year":"2023","unstructured":"College of Physiotherapists of Alberta (CPA). Understanding dry needling risks and consent [Internet]. CPA; 2023 [cited 2023 Dec 23]. Available from: http:\/\/www.cpta.ab.ca\/for-the-public\/blog\/understanding-dry-needling-risks-and-consent\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_62_2","volume-title":"Evidence-based medicine: how to practice and teach EBM.","author":"Sackett D","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sackett D. Evidence-based medicine: how to practice and teach EBM. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2000.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_63_2","volume-title":"OCEBM 2011 levels of evidence [Internet]","author":"Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM)","year":"2011","unstructured":"Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM). OCEBM 2011 levels of evidence [Internet]. OCEBM; 2011 [cited 2024 Jul 10]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cebm.ox.ac.uk\/files\/levels-of-evidence\/cebm-levels-of-evidence-2-1.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_64_2","volume-title":"Intro to EBM for schools [Internet]","author":"Heneghan C","year":"2015","unstructured":"Heneghan C, Mahtani K, Davis R. Intro to EBM for schools [Internet]. Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, University of Oxford; 2015. [cited 2024 Jul 10]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cebm.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/03\/Lingfield-March-2015-EBM-Intro-to-EBM.pdf."},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_8_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2016.0066","article-title":"Evidence that dry needling is the intent to bypass regulation to practice acupuncture in the United States","volume":"22","author":"Fan AY","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fan AY, Zheng L, Yang G. Evidence that dry needling is the intent to bypass regulation to practice acupuncture in the United States. J Altern Complement Med. 2016;22(8):591\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/acm.2016.0066. PMID:\u00a027513699","journal-title":"J Altern Complement Med."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_66_2","volume-title":"Excerpt from dry needling course framework and review report.","author":"Tanchak S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tanchak S. Excerpt from dry needling course framework and review report. College of Physical Therapists of British Columbia; 2020."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_8_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.3390\/nursrep13030110","article-title":"The impact of clinical experience in advanced practice nursing education: a cross-sectional study of Norwegian Advanced Practice Nurses\u2019 perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Leonardsen ACL","year":"2023","unstructured":"Leonardsen ACL. The impact of clinical experience in advanced practice nursing education: a cross-sectional study of Norwegian Advanced Practice Nurses\u2019 perspectives. Nurs Reps. 2023;13(3):1304\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nursrep13030110. PMID:\u00a037755353; PMCID: PMC10538056","journal-title":"Nurs Reps."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_68_2","first-page":"80","article-title":"The relationship between experiences level and clinical decision-making skill in midwifery students: a cross-sectional study","volume":"36","author":"Delavari S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Delavari S, Soltani Arabshahi K, Amini M, . The relationship between experiences level and clinical decision-making skill in midwifery students: a cross-sectional study. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2022;36:80. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47176\/mjiri.36.80. PMID:\u00a036128296; PMCID: PMC9448449","journal-title":"Med J Islam Repub Iran."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_8_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.4038\/sljch.v48i1.8655","article-title":"Knowledge decay in undergraduate education in paediatrics","volume":"48","author":"Soundarya M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Soundarya M, Vaman K, Basavaprabhu A. Knowledge decay in undergraduate education in paediatrics. Sri Lanka J Child Health. 2019;48(1):65\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4038\/sljch.v48i1.8655","journal-title":"Sri Lanka J Child Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_8_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1026\/\/1618-3169.50.2.124","article-title":"Implicit and explicit knowledge decay at different rates: a dissociation between priming and recognition in artificial grammar learning","volume":"50","author":"Tunney RJ","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tunney RJ. Implicit and explicit knowledge decay at different rates: a dissociation between priming and recognition in artificial grammar learning. Exp Psychol. 2003;50(2):124\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1026\/\/1618-3169.50.2.124. PMID:\u00a012693197","journal-title":"Exp Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_8_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s40670-015-0218-3","article-title":"How much content knowledge do graduating medical students retain from their pre-clinical and clinical courses?","volume":"26","author":"Royal KD","year":"2016","unstructured":"Royal KD, Hedgpeth MW, Bynum D, . How much content knowledge do graduating medical students retain from their pre-clinical and clinical courses? Med Sci Educ. 2016;26(1):117\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40670-015-0218-3.","journal-title":"Med Sci Educ."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_8_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1177\/0022487119886290","article-title":"Does teacher learning last? Understanding how much teachers retain their knowledge after professional development","volume":"71","author":"Liu S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu S, Phelps G. Does teacher learning last? Understanding how much teachers retain their knowledge after professional development. J Teach Educ. 2020;71(5):537\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022487119886290.","journal-title":"J Teach Educ."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_73_2","volume-title":"IFOMPT template programme mapping to standards document","author":"International Federation of Musculoskeletal Physical Therapists (IFOMPT)","year":"2020","unstructured":"International Federation of Musculoskeletal Physical Therapists (IFOMPT). IFOMPT template programme mapping to standards document [Internet]. IFOMPT; 2020 [cited 2024 Jul 10]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ifompt.org\/site\/ifompt\/files\/pdf\/Standards%20Committee\/Standards%20Committee%20Documents\/IFOMPT%20Template%20Programme%20Mapping%20to%20Standards%20Document.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_74_2","volume-title":"Dry needling and injection for musculoskeletal and join disorders: a review of clinical effectiveness, cost effectiveness, and guidelines.","author":"Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH)","year":"2016","unstructured":"Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health (CADTH). Dry needling and injection for musculoskeletal and join disorders: a review of clinical effectiveness, cost effectiveness, and guidelines. Rapid response report [Internet]. CADTH; 2016 [cited 2023 Nov 3]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK395711\/pdf\/Bookshelf_NBK395711.pdf."}],"container-title":["Physiotherapy Canada"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/utppublishing.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3138\/ptc-2024-0037","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:16:27Z","timestamp":1788416187000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/utppublishing.com\/doi\/10.3138\/ptc-2024-0037"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3138\/ptc-2024-0037"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/ptc-2024-0037","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-0508","1708-8313"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-0508","type":"print"},{"value":"1708-8313","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]}}}