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In this study, hybrid small-diameter vascular grafts made of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and silk fibroin, which possessed a hybrid fibrous structure of an aligned inner layer and a random outer layer, were fabricated by the electrospinning technique using a customized striated collector that generated both aligned and random fibers simultaneously. A methanol post-treatment process induced the transition of fibroin protein conformation from the water-soluble, amorphous, and less ordered structures to the water-insoluble \u03b2-sheet structures that possessed robust mechanical properties and relatively slow proteolytic degradation. The methanol post-treatment also created crimped fibers that mimicked the wavy structure of collagen fibers in natural blood vessels. Ultrafine nanofibers and nanowebs were found on the electrospun TPU\/fibroin samples, which effectively increased the surface area for cell adhesion and migration. Cyclic circumferential tensile test results showed compatible mechanical properties for grafts made of a soft TPU\/fibroin blend compared to human coronary arteries. In addition, cell culture tests with endothelial cells after 6 and 60 days of culture exhibited high cell viability and good biocompatibility of TPU\/fibroin grafts, suggesting the potential of applying electrospun TPU\/fibroin grafts in vascular tissue engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3139\/217.3247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,18]],"date-time":"2016-11-18T07:24:50Z","timestamp":1479453890000},"page":"638-646","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Fabrication and Characterization of Electrospun Thermoplastic Polyurethane\/Fibroin Small-Diameter Vascular Grafts for Vascular Tissue Engineering"],"prefix":"10.1515","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"E.","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI , USA"},{"name":"Wisconsin Institute for Discovery , University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Morgridge Institute for Research , Madison, WI , USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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