{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T18:59:36Z","timestamp":1777921176710,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1104537600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>At conventional pay tolls, vehicles joining a queue must come to a stop and undergo several stop-and-go cycles until payment is completed. As a result, emissions increase because of excessive delays, queuing, and speed change cycles for approaching traffic. The main objective of this research is to quantify traffic and emission impacts of toll facilities in urban corridors. As a result of experimental measurements of traffic and emissions, the impact of traffic and emission performance of conventional and electronic toll facilities is presented. The approach attempts to explain the interaction between toll system operational variables (traffic demand, service time, and service type) and system performance variables (stops, queue length, and emissions). The experimental data for validating the numerical traffic model were gathered on pay tolls located in three main corridors that access the city of Lisbon, Portugal. The emissions model is based on real-world onboard measurements of vehicle emissions. With the appropriate speed profiles of vehicles in pay tolls, onboard emission measurements were carried out to quantify the relationships between vehicle dynamics and emissions. The main conclusion of this work is that there are two different types of stop-and-go driving cycles for vehicles joining the queue at a conventional toll booth: short and long. The length of each cycle depends on the expected queue length at the toll booth and the frequency of each cycle directly affects the level of vehicle emissions. The greatest percentage of emissions for a vehicle that stops at a pay toll is due to its final acceleration back to cruise speed after leaving the pay toll.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198105194100117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,22]],"date-time":"2018-05-22T08:34:20Z","timestamp":1526978060000},"page":"136-144","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Measuring and Modeling Emission Effects for Toll Facilities"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"1941","author":[{"given":"Margarida C.","family":"Coelho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal."},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, University Campus of Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Tiago L.","family":"Farias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal."},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Superior Institute Technician, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Nagui M.","family":"Rouphail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8601, Raleigh, NC 27695-8601."}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0361198105194100117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2004.03.082"},{"key":"bibr2-0361198105194100117","unstructured":"Via Verde (Green Lane) Portugal. www.viaverde.pt. Accessed July 23, 2004."},{"key":"bibr3-0361198105194100117","volume-title":"Traffic Flow Fundamentals.","author":"May A.","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr4-0361198105194100117","volume-title":"Emission Reduction Through Better Traffic Management: An Empirical Evaluation Based Upon On-Road Measurements.","author":"Frey H.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr5-0361198105194100117","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alvesG., and FariasT. On-Road Measurements of Emissions and Fuel Consumption of a Gasoline Fuelled Light Duty Vehicle. Presented at VIII Clean Air Conference\u2014Eighth International Conference on Technologies and Combustion for a Clean Environment, Lisbon, Portugal, 2005."},{"key":"bibr6-0361198105194100117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-947X(1994)120:2(246)"},{"key":"bibr7-0361198105194100117","first-page":"21","volume":"66","author":"Burris M.","year":"1996","journal-title":"ITE Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr8-0361198105194100117","first-page":"44","volume":"5","author":"Polus A.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Road and Transport Research"},{"key":"bibr9-0361198105194100117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/l97-006"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr10-0361198105194100117","first-page":"81","volume":"51","author":"Polus A.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Transportation Quarterly"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr11-0361198105194100117","first-page":"230","volume":"39","author":"Polus A.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Traffic Engineering and Control"},{"key":"bibr12-0361198105194100117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-947X(1997)123:6(467)"},{"key":"bibr13-0361198105194100117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0887-3801(2001)15:4(309)"},{"key":"bibr14-0361198105194100117","volume-title":"A Microscopic Traffic Simulation Model for Toll Booth Analysis.","author":"Astarita V.","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr15-0361198105194100117","volume-title":"WATSIM\u00a9 (Wide Area Traffic Simulation Model)."},{"key":"bibr16-0361198105194100117","first-page":"60","volume-title":"Transportation Research Record 1366","author":"Lovegrove A.","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr17-0361198105194100117","volume-title":"Effect of Toll Plaza Design and Operation on System-Wide Air Pollution Emission.","author":"Wang S.","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr18-0361198105194100117","volume-title":"User's Guide to MOBILE5 (Mobile Source Emission Factor Model).","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr19-0361198105194100117","first-page":"456","author":"Lennon L.","year":"1994","journal-title":"ITE 1994 Compendium of Technical Papers"},{"key":"bibr20-0361198105194100117","volume-title":"Carbon Monoxide Impact of Automatic Vehicle Identification Applied to Electronic Vehicle Tolling.","author":"Guensler R.","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr21-0361198105194100117","unstructured":"RobinsonM., and Van AerdeM. Examining the Delay and Environmental Impacts of Toll Plaza Characteristics. Presented at VNIS\/Pacific Rim Conference, Seattle, Wash. 1995."},{"key":"bibr22-0361198105194100117","volume-title":"INTEGRATION User's Guide\u2013Volume 1: Fundamental Model Features.","author":"Van Aerde M.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr23-0361198105194100117","first-page":"93","volume":"49","author":"Sisson M.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Transportation Quarterly"},{"key":"bibr24-0361198105194100117","unstructured":"LampeA., and ScottJ. Electronic Toll Collection and Air Quality. Presented at 5th Annual Meeting of ITS America, Washington, D.C. 1995."},{"key":"bibr25-0361198105194100117","unstructured":"KlodzinskiJ., Al-DeekH. M., and RadwanA. E. Evaluation of Vehicle Emissions at Electronic Toll Collection Plaza. Presented at 77th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. 1998."},{"key":"bibr26-0361198105194100117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-947X(2001)127:4(327)"},{"key":"bibr27-0361198105194100117","volume-title":"Comprehensive Modal Emissions Model (CMEM), version 2.0\u2014 User's Guide.","author":"Barth M.","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr28-0361198105194100117","volume-title":"Mobilidade e Transportes na AML (Mobility and Transportation in the Metropolitan Area of Lisbon).","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr29-0361198105194100117","unstructured":"CoelhoM. C., FariasT. L., and RouphailN. M. Assessing Traffic and Emission Impacts of Manual and Electronic Toll Facilities. 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