{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T09:54:48Z","timestamp":1777888488789,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]],"date-time":"2007-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1167609600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An initial attempt is made to quantify vehicle emissions in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA) in Canada by exploiting travel information provided by activity-based 24-h models rather than conventional trip-based models. For this purpose, travel activity inputs to the Canadian version of the MOBILE6.2 model (MOBILE6.2C) are generated by relying on the travel demand modeling capabilities of the Travel Activity Scheduler for Household Agents (TASHA), a next-generation activity-based model of travel demand for the GTA. Additional input data supplied to MOBILE6.2C are obtained from Canadian sources and by running traffic assignment (using EMME\/2) on the trip distribution matrix generated by TASHA. The integration of MOBILE6.2 with TASHA has provided estimates of the time of day that vehicle emissions occur. TASHA provides an explicit representation of trip starts and ends, which results in improved engine start emissions. Overall, because TASHA provides a better behavioral framework for modeling travel than conventional trip-based models, it is expected to lead to better emissions estimates. Such an effort also provides insight and experience that will be used later in the integration of TASHA with more advanced emission models, thus refining the reliability of practical tools that can be used to assess the environmental sustainability of policies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3141\/2011-04","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,4]],"date-time":"2008-01-04T13:40:12Z","timestamp":1199454012000},"page":"29-39","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Integrating Vehicle Emission Modeling with Activity-Based Travel Demand Modeling"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"2011","author":[{"given":"Marianne","family":"Hatzopoulou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada."}]},{"given":"Eric J.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada."}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Luis Reis Santos\u2013Polo II, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal."}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2011-04","first-page":"17","author":"Miller E. J.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Growing Together: Prospects for Renewal in the Toronto Region, Background Reports."},{"key":"bibr2-2011-04","unstructured":"KitamuraR. FujiiS. KikuchiA. and YamamotoT. Microsimulator Study of Daily Travel and Network Dynamics to Evaluate TDM Effectiveness for CO\n                      2\n                      Emissions Reduction. Presented at 77th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. 1998."},{"key":"bibr3-2011-04","author":"MBRC (Mark Bradley Research and Consulting) and J. A. Bowman.","year":"1998","journal-title":"System of Activity-Based Models for Portland, Oregon."},{"key":"bibr4-2011-04","unstructured":"RDC Inc. Activity-Based Behaviour System for Travel Demand Forecasting. Travel Model Improvement Program, U.S. Department of Transportation and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1995."},{"key":"bibr5-2011-04","author":"Lautso K.","year":"2004","journal-title":"PROPOLIS: Planning and Research of Policies for Land-Use and Transport for Increasing Urban Sustainability."},{"key":"bibr6-2011-04","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014267003243"},{"key":"bibr7-2011-04","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0965-8564(98)00069-X"},{"key":"bibr8-2011-04","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-947X(2004)130:2(183)"},{"key":"bibr9-2011-04","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1361-9209(03)00054-3"},{"key":"bibr10-2011-04","author":"Barth M.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Comprehensive Modal Emission Model (CMEM), Version 2.0 User's Guide."},{"key":"bibr11-2011-04","author":"Transport Canada.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sustainable Development Strategy 2004\u20132006."},{"key":"bibr12-2011-04","unstructured":"Environment Canada. Canada's 2003 Greenhouse Gas Inventory. www.ec.gc.ca\/pdb\/ghg\/inventory_report\/2004\/2004summary_e.cfm. Accessed July 2006."},{"key":"bibr13-2011-04","unstructured":"MillerE. J. and ShalabyA. Historical Trends in Travel Behavior in Greater Toronto Area and Policy Implications. Presented at 80th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. 2001."},{"key":"bibr14-2011-04","unstructured":"MillerE. J. and SobermanR. M. Travel Demand and Urban Form. Issue paper No. 9, Neptis Foundation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2003."},{"key":"bibr15-2011-04","author":"Ministry of Public Infrastructure Renewal.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Places to Grow: Better Choices, Brighter Future."},{"key":"bibr16-2011-04","author":"Central Ontario Smart Growth Panel.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ontario Smart Growth: Shape the Future."},{"key":"bibr17-2011-04","author":"City of Toronto.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reducing Car Dependence: Transportation Options for the City of Toronto."},{"key":"bibr18-2011-04","author":"United States Environmental Protection Agency.","year":"2003","journal-title":"User's Guide to MOBILE6.1 and MOBILE6.2: Mobile Source Emission Factor Model, EPA420-R-03-010."},{"key":"bibr19-2011-04","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/1831-13"},{"key":"bibr20-2011-04","unstructured":"Environment Canada. Development of the Canadian version of the MOBILE6.2 model. Pollution Data Branch, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 2004."},{"key":"bibr21-2011-04","unstructured":"Environment Canada. National Pollutant Release Inventory, National Overview\u2014Summary of 2002 Data. Appendix C: 2000 Criteria Air Contaminants Emissions for Canada (tonnes). www.ec.gc.ca\/pdb\/npri\/2004N_Overview\/2002Summary\/2002summary_e.cfm. Accessed Sept. 2005."},{"key":"bibr22-2011-04","unstructured":"RoordaM. J. CarrascoJ. A. and MillerE. J. A Joint Model of Car Ownership and Activity Scheduling. Presented at 11th International Association for Travel Behavior Research Conference, Kyoto, Japan, August 16\u201320, 2006."},{"key":"bibr23-2011-04","unstructured":"RoordaM. J. MillerE. J. and HabibK. M. N. Validation of TASHA: A 24-Hour Activity Scheduling Microsimulation Model. Presented at 86th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. 2007."},{"key":"bibr24-2011-04","author":"United States Environmental Protection Agency.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Technical Guidance on the Use of MOBILE6.2 for Emission Inventory Preparation."},{"key":"bibr25-2011-04","author":"United States Environment Protection Agency.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Soak Length Activity Factors for Hot Soak Emissions."},{"key":"bibr26-2011-04","author":"U.S. Environment Protection Agency.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Soak Length Activity Factors for Diurnal Emissions."},{"key":"bibr27-2011-04","unstructured":"Environment Canada. Climate data online, 2004. www.climate.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca\/climateData\/canada_e.html. Accessed July 2006."},{"key":"bibr28-2011-04","unstructured":"Ontario's Drive Clean. A Summary of the First Three Years of Light-Duty Vehicle Data (1999\u20132001). Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2002."},{"key":"bibr29-2011-04","author":"Environment Canada.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emissions of Air Toxics from On-Highway Sources in Canada: Estimated Impacts of Various Vehicle and Fuel Control Strategies."},{"key":"bibr30-2011-04","author":"Eastern Research Group, Inc.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Evaluation of Ontario Drive Clean Program."}],"container-title":["Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3141\/2011-04","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3141\/2011-04","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T04:47:35Z","timestamp":1777610855000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3141\/2011-04"}},"subtitle":["Case Study of the Greater Toronto, Canada, Area"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3141\/2011-04"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3141\/2011-04","relation":{},"ISSN":["0361-1981","2169-4052"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0361-1981","type":"print"},{"value":"2169-4052","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,1]]}}}