{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T04:14:25Z","timestamp":1741752865054,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]],"date-time":"2012-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1325376000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The objective of the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 and the European Union's (EU's) fossil energy dependence are two factors that require political and industrial decision makers to set priorities for energy and environmental strategies. Despite the achieved efficiency in modern vehicles, increasing patterns of private car usage, together with a high dependence on oil, place transportation as the most resilient sector in this period of environmental and energy consciousness. The aim of this research was to disaggregate the existing European transportation energy data and use them to build a model of the current situation. With the model, several scenarios evaluated the well-to-wheel energy and carbon dioxide (CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) impacts that resulted from improvements in energy efficiency, uptake of biofuels, and electric mobility, as well as a modal shift into collective modes. Analysis of the European study of the Joint Research Centre Biofuel Programme and each member state's national strategy [National Renewable Energy Action Plans (NREAPs)], published in 2010, allowed characterization of the transportation energy situation by 2020 (consumption, efficiency, and new energy). The analysis of mobility surveys from major member states permitted characterization of urban areas within the passenger mobility sector, and the results were integrated into the developed model. The expected improvements in energy efficiency through the Biofuel Programme and the planned increase in biofuel blends and electrified vehicles through the NREAPs combined with an increase in passenger mobility by 2020 resulted in the following 2020 predictions: a 16% reduction in tank-to-wheel and a 12% reduction in well-to-wheel CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> emissions in the EU's passenger mobility sector compared with 2007 levels. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3141\/2287-07","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,7]],"date-time":"2012-11-07T02:26:28Z","timestamp":1352255188000},"page":"54-63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prospects for Energy Usage and Carbon Dioxide that Affect European Transportation Sector"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"2287","author":[{"given":"Milton","family":"Gr\u00e1cio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Constance","family":"Finet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IESEG School of Management, IESEG Campus de Lille, 3 Rue de la Digue, 59000 Lille, France."}]},{"given":"Muriel","family":"Desaeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toyota Motor Europe, 60 Avenue du Bourget, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium."}]},{"given":"Fernando Neto","family":"Da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Margarida","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Mechanical Technology and Automation (TEMA), University of Aveiro, Campus Universit\u00e1rio de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal."}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2287-07","unstructured":"EU Energy and Transport in Figures: Statistical Pocketbook 2010. European Commission, Brussels, Belgium, 2010."},{"key":"bibr2-2287-07","unstructured":"Greenhouse Gas Data Viewer: CO2 from Transport, 1990\u20132009. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2011."},{"key":"bibr3-2287-07","unstructured":"Annual European Union Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990\u20132009 and Inventory Report 2011. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2011."},{"key":"bibr4-2287-07","unstructured":"European Commission. The Role of Eurostat. June 29, 2010. http:\/\/epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu\/portal\/page\/portal\/about_eurostat\/corporate\/introduction. Accessed May 24, 2011."},{"key":"bibr5-2287-07","unstructured":"Transport & Mobility Leuven. Tremove: A Policy Assessment Model to Study the Effects of Different Transport and Environment Policies on the Transport Sector for All European Countries. 2000. www.tremove.org\/. Accessed April 15, 2010."},{"key":"bibr6-2287-07","unstructured":"Transporti e Territorio (TRT). Ex-tremis: Exploring Non-Road Transport EMISsions in Europe. 2006. www.ex-tremis.eu\/. Accessed April 22, 2010."},{"key":"bibr7-2287-07","unstructured":"EdwardsR., Lariv\u00e9J.F., MahieuV., and RouveirolleP. Well-to-Wheels Analysis of Future Automotive Fuels and Powertrains in the European Context. Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Brussels, Belgium, May 2006. http:\/\/ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/uploads\/media\/WTW_Report_010307.pdf. Accessed April 7, 2010."},{"key":"bibr8-2287-07","unstructured":"SchadeW., and KrailM. iTREN-2030: Integrated Transport and Energy Baseline Until 2030. Fraunhofer-Institute Systems and Innovative Research, Karlsruhe, Germany, 2010. http:\/\/isi-projekt.de\/wissprojekt-de\/itren-2030\/. Accessed Jan. 12, 2011."},{"key":"bibr9-2287-07","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trd.2010.08.009"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr10-2287-07","first-page":"2754","volume":"39","author":"Limanond T.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment"},{"key":"bibr11-2287-07","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2009.03.013"},{"key":"bibr12-2287-07","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2011.05.006"},{"key":"bibr13-2287-07","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2008.10.036"},{"key":"bibr14-2287-07","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0967-070X(96)00001-7"},{"key":"bibr15-2287-07","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-4215(97)00103-1"},{"key":"bibr16-2287-07","unstructured":"EU Renewable Energy Targets in 2020: Analysis of Scenarios for Transport. European Commission, Brussels, Belgium, 2011."},{"key":"bibr17-2287-07","unstructured":"European Environment Agency. Efficiency of Conventional Thermal Electricity Generation. 2010. http:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/data-and-maps\/indicators\/efficiency-of-conventional-thermal-electricity-generation\/efficiency-of-conventional-thermal-electricity-1. Accessed May 13, 2010."},{"key":"bibr18-2287-07","unstructured":"ABB, Inc. Energy Efficiency in the Power Grid. 2007. http:\/\/www02.abb.com\/global\/seitp\/seitp202.nsf\/c71c66c1f02e6575c125711f004660e6\/64cee3203250d1b7c12572c8003b2b48\/$FILE\/Energy+efficiency+in+the+power+grid.pdf. Accessed May 13, 2010."},{"key":"bibr19-2287-07","unstructured":"European Commission. Communication from the Commission on Transport and CO2: Developing a Community Approach. 1998. http:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:1998:0204:FIN:EN:PDF. Accessed May 25, 2010."},{"key":"bibr20-2287-07","unstructured":"Eurocontrol. Challenges of Growth 2008: Summary Results. Oct. 2008. http:\/\/www-new.eurocontrol.int\/sites\/default\/files\/attachments\/challenges-of-growth-2008-factsheet.pdf. Accessed May 26, 2010."},{"key":"bibr21-2287-07","unstructured":"Association of European Airlines. AEA Traffic and Capacity Data. 2010. http:\/\/www.aea.be\/research\/traffic\/index.html. Accessed May 26, 2010."},{"key":"bibr22-2287-07","unstructured":"JorgensenM.W., and SorensonS. C. Estimating Emissions from Railway Traffic. Department of Energy Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 1997. http:\/\/www.inrets.fr\/ur\/lte\/cost319\/MEETDeliverable17.PDF. Accessed June 10, 2010."},{"key":"bibr23-2287-07","unstructured":"GroemanJ. F. Optimal Reduction of Energy Losses in Catenary Wires for DC Railway Systems. European Copper Institute, Brussels, Belgium 2000. http:\/\/www.eurocopper.org\/doc\/uploaded\/File\/TrolleyWire.pdf. Accessed June 10, 2010."},{"key":"bibr24-2287-07","unstructured":"KenworthyJ. R. Transport Energy Use and Greenhouse Gases in Urban Passenger Transport Systems: A Study of 84 Global Cities. Murdoch University, Perth, Australia, 2003. http:\/\/cst.uwinnipeg.ca\/documents\/Transport_Greenhouse.pdf. Accessed July 5, 2010."},{"key":"bibr25-2287-07","unstructured":"AnderssonE., and LukaszewiczP. Energy Consumption and Related Air Pollution for Scandinavian Passenger Trains. Department of Aeronautical and Vehicle Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 2006. http:\/\/www.kth.se\/fakulteter\/centra\/jarnvag\/publications\/Energy_060925.pdf. Accessed June 23, 2010."},{"key":"bibr26-2287-07","unstructured":"European Commission. Trans-European Transport Network: Implementation of priority project, progress Report June 2010. 2010. http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/transport\/infrastructure\/ten-t-implementation\/priority-projects\/european-coordinators\/doc\/2011_02_02_progress_report_june_2010.pdf. 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