{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T20:55:57Z","timestamp":1761252957524,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]],"date-time":"2014-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1388534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> The use of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is increasing in household vehicle fleets and carsharing systems. However, the car rental industry has only timidly adopted this technology. This paper presents a mathematical model for optimal trip assignment of electric and conventional vehicles (CVs) in a regional car rental company. The model was built by using a time\u2013space network, and all BEV charging constraints were part of the formulation. The model needed to satisfy all existing demand, and two objectives were considered: maximizing the number of trips by BEVs and maximizing profit. The model was applied to the Portuguese central region, and the conclusion was that BEVs were considerably less profitable than CVs, because BEVs were less useful for intercity trips. Even if the costs and revenues were the same as for CVs, BEVs were still outperformed by CVs because the recharging time was a drawback in some trips. However, BEVs do not necessarily imply a financial loss for the companies, and a cost\u2013benefit analysis may well prove the existence of considerable profit from including these vehicles, because marketing and environmental effects are not being valued at the moment. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3141\/2454-10","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,7]],"date-time":"2015-02-07T02:36:59Z","timestamp":1423276619000},"page":"76-83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Optimizing the Use of Electric Vehicles in a Regional Car Rental Fleet"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"2454","author":[{"given":"Gon\u00e7alo Homem","family":"de Almeida Correia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal."}]},{"given":"Raquel Filipa","family":"Gon\u00e7alves Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Lu\u00eds Reis Santos, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal."}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,1]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Driving and Parking Patterns of European Car Drivers\u2014A Mobility Survey.","year":"2012","author":"Pasaoglu G.","key":"bibr1-2454-10"},{"key":"bibr2-2454-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3141\/1587-03"},{"key":"bibr3-2454-10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2011.04.011"},{"volume-title":"White Paper: Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area\u2014Towards a Competitive and Resource Efficient Transport System.","year":"2011","key":"bibr4-2454-10"},{"volume-title":"Green Paper: Towards a New Culture for Urban Mobility.","year":"2007","key":"bibr5-2454-10"},{"key":"bibr6-2454-10","unstructured":"MOBI.E Electric Mobility. http:\/\/www.mobie.pt\/en\/homepage. 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