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While there are several approaches to solve multiobjective problems for pavement management systems, when user costs or environmental impacts are considered the optimal solutions are often impractical to be accepted by road agencies, given the dominating share of user costs in the total life-cycle costs. This paper presents a two-stage optimization methodology that considers maximization of pavement quality and minimization of agency costs as the objectives to be optimized at the pavement section level, while at the network level, the objectives are to minimize agency and user costs. The main goal of this approach is to provide decision makers with a range of optimal solutions from which a practically implementable one could be selected by the agency. A sensitivity analysis and some trade-off graphics illustrate the importance in balancing all the objectives to obtain reasonable solutions for highway agencies. Multiobjective optimization problems at both levels are solved using genetic algorithms. The results of a case study indicate the applicability of the methodology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3141\/2639-14","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,5]],"date-time":"2017-07-05T14:09:49Z","timestamp":1499263789000},"page":"110-118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Coordination of User and Agency Costs Using Two-Level Approach for Pavement Management Optimization"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"2639","author":[{"given":"Andr\u00e9 V.","family":"Moreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Territory, Environment, and Construction, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tien F.","family":"Fwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260"}]},{"given":"Joel R. M.","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Territory, Environment, and Construction, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Azur\u00e9m, 4800-058 Guimar\u00e3es, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lino","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ALGORITMI Research Center, School of Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-2639-14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FwaT. F., ChanW. T., and HoqueK. Z. Multiobjective optimization for pavement maintenance programming. Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 126, No. 5, 2000, pp. 367\u2013374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-947X(2000)126:5(367).","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-947X(2000)126:5(367)"},{"key":"bibr2-2639-14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abo-HashemaM., and SharafE. Development of Maintenance Decision Model for Flexible Pavements. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 3, 2009, pp. 173\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10298430802169457.","DOI":"10.1080\/10298430802169457"},{"key":"bibr3-2639-14","volume-title":"Presented at 89th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board","author":"Gao L.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr4-2639-14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ChuJ., and ChenY. Optimal Threshold-Based Network-Level Transportation Infrastructure Life-Cycle Management with Heterogeneous Maintenance Actions. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Vol. 46, No. 9, 2012, pp. 1123\u20131143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trb.2012.05.002.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2012.05.002"},{"key":"bibr5-2639-14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MenesesS., and FerreiraA. Pavement Maintenance Programming Considering of Two Objectives: Maintenance Costs and User Costs. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2013, pp. 206\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10298436.2012.727994.","DOI":"10.1080\/10298436.2012.727994"},{"key":"bibr6-2639-14","volume-title":"Integration of Pavement Cracking Prediction Model with Asset Management and Vehicle-Infrastructure Interaction Models","author":"Buttlar W. G.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr7-2639-14","author":"Wu D.","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Pavement Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr8-2639-14","first-page":"24","volume":"3","author":"Li J.","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology"},{"key":"bibr9-2639-14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RobelinC., and MadanatS. Reliability-Based System-Level Optimization of Bridge Maintenance and Replacement Decisions. Transportation Science, Vol. 42, No. 4, 2008, pp. 508\u2013513. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/trsc.1080.0241.","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.1080.0241"},{"key":"bibr10-2639-14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"YeoH., YoonY., and MadanatS. Algorithms for Bottom-up Maintenance Optimisation for Heterogeneous Infrastructure Systems. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 4, 2013, pp. 317\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15732479.2012.657649.","DOI":"10.1080\/15732479.2012.657649"},{"key":"bibr11-2639-14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FarhanJ., and FwaT. F. A Decentralized Multidistrict Optimization Framework for System-Wide Pavement Maintenance Resource Allocation. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, Vol. 9, No. 3, 2016, pp. 214\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijprt.2016.05.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijprt.2016.05.003"},{"key":"bibr12-2639-14","volume-title":"COST Action 354 \u2013 Performance Indicators for Road Pavements","author":"Litzka J.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr13-2639-14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KobayashiK., KaitoK., and LethanhN. A Statistical Deterioration Forecasting Method Using Hidden Markov Model for Infrastructure Management. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Vol. 46, No. 4, 2012, pp. 544\u2013561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trb.2011.11.008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2011.11.008"},{"key":"bibr14-2639-14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AbazaK. A. Back-Calculation of Transition Probabilities for Markovian-Based Pavement Performance Prediction Models. 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