{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T19:17:05Z","timestamp":1774379825610,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Asian Spine Journal (ASJ)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,8]],"date-time":"2020-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586304000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asianspinejournal.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Asian Spine J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Study Design: Developing an &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;\/i&gt; model for assessing the anti-inflammatory properties of curvularin.Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of natural fungal macrolactone as a therapeutic drug against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in primary human nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;\/i&gt;.Overview of Literature: Lumbar disk disease is a common cause of lower back pain (LBP) and sciatica. It is an established fact that inflammation, rather than mechanical compression on the nerve root, plays a role in the cause of LBP and sciatica. Current treatment options for reducing inflammation are either nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or steroids, prolonged use of which can potentially lead to adverse effects such as gastrointestinal disturbances and renal and cardiac issues. Hence, there is a need for better antiinflammatory drugs with no or minimal complications for treating inflammation-induced LBP and sciatica. Curvularin (Cur), a fungal macrolactone, is known for its anti-inflammatory activity, but nothing is known about its impact on inflammation due to disk pathologies.Methods: Primary NPCs were cultured and characterized by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry using the CD24 antibody and treated with 10 \u03bcg\/mL LPS for 36 hours and then treated with Cur, betamethasone, and dexamethasone (10 \u03bcg\/mL) for 48 hours, after which cell cycle analysis, cell viability assay, and gene expression studies (quantitative polymerase chain reaction [PCR] and quantitative real-time-PCR) were conducted. The NPCs treated with Cur downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, interleukin [IL]-1\u03b2, and IL-6); matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs; MMP-2 and MMP-3), ADAMTS; and apoptotic marker (cytochrome c).Results: In our study, Cur-treated cells showed enhanced expression of collagen 9A1 and insulin-like growth factor receptor 1, indicating the recovery of NPCs from inflammatory assault.Conclusions: Based on observations, the anti-inflammatory properties of Cur render it an excellent drug molecule for treating disk degeneration nonsurgically, by direct injection into spinal disks when treating LBP and sciatica.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31616\/asj.2019.0285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T02:11:15Z","timestamp":1586225475000},"page":"143-154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31616\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Anti-Inflammatory and 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