{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T10:17:15Z","timestamp":1781086635539,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Asian Spine Journal (ASJ)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,29]],"date-time":"2022-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asianspinejournal.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Asian Spine J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>For patients with cervical radiculopathy, most studies have recommended conservative treatment as the first-line treatment; however, when conventional treatment fails, surgery is considered. A better understanding of the prognosis of cervical radiculopathy is essential to provide accurate information to the patients. If the patients complain of persistent and recurrent arm pain\/numbness not respond to conservative treatment, or exhibit neurologic deficits, surgery is performed using anterior or posterior approaches. Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) has historically been widely used and has proven to be safe and effective. To improve surgical outcomes of ACDF surgery, many studies have been conducted on types of spacers, size\/height\/position of cages, anterior plating, patients\u2019 factors, surgical techniques, and so forth. Cervical disc replacement (CDR) is designed to reduce the incidence of adjacent segment disease during long-term follow-up by maintaining cervical spine motion postoperatively. Many studies on excellent indications for the CDR, proper type\/size\/shape\/height of the implants, and surgical techniques were performed. Posterior cervical foraminotomy is a safe and effective surgical option to avoid complications associated with anterior approach and fusion surgery. Most recent literature demonstrated that all three surgical techniques for patients with cervical radiculopathy have clear advantages and disadvantages and reveal satisfactory surgical outcomes under a proper selection of patients and application of appropriate surgical methods. For this, it is important to fully understand the factors for better surgical outcomes and to adequately practice the operative techniques for patients with cervical radiculopathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31616\/asj.2022.0445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T01:19:17Z","timestamp":1672363157000},"page":"995-1012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31616\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Cervical Radiculopathy: Focus on Factors for Better Surgical Outcomes and Operative Techniques"],"prefix":"10.31616","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2052-3354","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kyung-Chung","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9828-9003","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tae Su","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5527-061X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cheol Hyun","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"16744","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5373.1607"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.02.032"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-018-5777-8"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.6.spine151427"},{"key":"ref5","first-page":"112","volume-title":"Comparative analysis of 3 different construct systems for single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: stand-alone cage, iliac graft plus plate augmentation, and cage plus plating","author":"Lee","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semss.2015.11.002"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"2138","volume-title":"Long-term results after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion with allograft and plating: a 5- to 11-year radiologic and clinical follow-up study","author":"Yue","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref8","first-page":"384","volume-title":"Cages in ACDF are associated with a higher nonunion rate than allograft: a stratified comparative analysis of 6130 patients","author":"Pirkle","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-015-0546-x"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.10.084"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/brs.0b013e31828d65bb"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2006.03.002"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2012.02.002"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2009.12.030"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682221124527"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-006-0284-8"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568220963061"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-017-0850-z"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2011.11.043"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200211150-00005"},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"2043","volume-title":"Ideal thickness of Smith-Robinson graft for anterior cervical fusion: a cadaveric study with computed tomographic correlation","author":"An","year":"1993"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31616\/asj.2020.0635"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568218774576"},{"key":"ref24","first-page":"1280","volume-title":"Risk factors for postoperative subsidence of single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: the significance of the preoperative cervical alignment","author":"Lee","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2007.11.009"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200104150-00021"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.05.058"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.02.118"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568220914880"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/bsd.0000000000000765"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14245\/ns.2040236.118"},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"e7916","volume-title":"Factors predicting dysphagia after anterior cervical surgery: a multicenter retrospective study for 2 years of follow-up","author":"Wang","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14444\/8177"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.08.026"},{"key":"ref35","first-page":"1044","volume-title":"Outpatient anterior cervical discectomy and fusion is associated with fewer short-term complications in one- and two-level cases: a propensity-adjusted analysis","author":"Fu","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568217699207"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2021.3.focus2171"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/brs.0000000000003629"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.05.408"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1996.84.2.0155"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200004150-00002"},{"key":"ref42","first-page":"535","volume-title":"Ultrasonic total uncinectomy: a novel technique for complete anterior decompression of cervical nerve roots","author":"Pakzaban","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/brs.0000000000002271"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/jss.2019.12.04"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.recote.2015.03.007"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000076843.59883.e1"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.10.032"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"1260","volume-title":"ProDisc-C versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for the surgical treatment of symptomatic cervical disc disease: two-year outcomes of Asian prospective randomized controlled multicentre study","author":"Kumar","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref49","first-page":"461","volume-title":"Cervical total disc replacement: long-term outcomes","author":"Callanan","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2007.6.3.198"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"1337","volume-title":"Superiority of multilevel cervical arthroplasty outcomes versus single-level outcomes: 229 consecutive PCM prostheses","author":"Pimenta","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref52","volume-title":"","author":"Steinmetz","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2021.05.008"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2021.05.001"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14444\/3024"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000255376.42099.13"},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"425","volume-title":"Cervical total disc replacement: Food and Drug Administration-approved devices","author":"Bydon","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.02.062"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23094990211006934"},{"key":"ref60","first-page":"546","volume-title":"Cost-effectiveness analysis: comparing single-level cervical disc replacement and single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: clinical article","author":"Qureshi","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14444\/7087"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"1572","volume-title":"Centering of cervical disc replacements: usefulness of intraoperative anteroposterior fluoroscopic guidance to center cervical disc replacements: study on 20 discocerv (scient\u2019x prosthesis)","author":"Kouyoumdjian","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14444\/5035"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2010.04.027"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.7.spine18634"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/brs.0000000000003839"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2019.08.009"},{"key":"ref68","first-page":"601","volume-title":"The effects of carpentry on heterotopic ossification and mobility in cervical arthroplasty: determination by computed tomography with a minimum 2-year follow-up: clinical article","author":"Tu","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000245852.70594.d5"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31616\/asj.2021.0209"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-014-3389-5"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568217701095"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.2.SPINE2281"},{"key":"ref74","first-page":"516","volume-title":"Clinical and radiographic analysis of an artificial cervical disc: 7-year follow-up from the Prestige prospective randomized controlled clinical trial: clinical article","author":"Burkus","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2015.02.026"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-015-2491-8"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/brs.0b013e318154c57e"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199812150-00014"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198701000-00002"},{"key":"ref80","first-page":"940","volume-title":"Fullendoscopic cervical posterior foraminotomy for the operation of lateral disc herniations using 5.9-mm endoscopes: a prospective, randomized, controlled study","author":"Ruetten","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref81","first-page":"483","volume-title":"Cervical spine surgery: arthroplasty versus fusion versus posterior foraminotomy","author":"Rossi","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref82","first-page":"177","volume-title":"Posterior cervical foraminotomy: indications, technique, and outcomes","author":"Dodwad","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199309000-00002"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.01.048"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.148029"},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/pl00011957"},{"key":"ref87","first-page":"20","volume-title":"Minimally invasive 2-level posterior cervical foraminotomy: preliminary clinical results","author":"Holly","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199274010-00004"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1961.18.4.0423"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-012-2158-6"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2010.47.5.358"},{"key":"ref92","first-page":"196","volume-title":"Laminoplasty with foraminotomy for coexisting cervical myelopathy and unilateral radiculopathy: a preliminary report","author":"Baba","year":"1996"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-200102000-00004"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1985.63.2.0278"},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0090-3019(00)00349-9"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200002010-00005"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/foc\/2008\/25\/8\/e2"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02688690042898"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2006.03.007"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2000.93.1.0126"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02688690120072469"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/jocn.1999.0669"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nec.2019.08.001"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41984-020-00082-x"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/spi.2006.5.2.126"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2017.08.222"},{"key":"ref107","first-page":"2760","volume-title":"Revision surgery following cervical laminoplasty: etiology and treatment strategies","author":"Liu","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2004.03.022"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2016.59.4.374"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.11.072"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2019.9.spine19787"},{"key":"ref112","first-page":"991","volume-title":"Total disc replacement versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a systematic review with meta-analysis of data from a total of 3160 patients across 14 randomized controlled trials with both short- and medium- to long-term outcomes","author":"Findlay","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-016-4707-5"},{"key":"ref114","first-page":"1738","volume-title":"ProDisc-C total disc replacement versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for single-level symptomatic cervical disc disease: seven-year follow-up of the prospective randomized U.S. Food and Drug Administration investigational device exemption study","author":"Janssen","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/jaaos-d-17-00231"},{"key":"ref116","first-page":"E733","volume-title":"Bryan cervical disc arthroplasty versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for treatment of cervical disc diseases: a meta-analysis of prospective, randomized controlled trials","author":"Zhu","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref117","first-page":"1493","volume-title":"Cervical disc arthroplasty versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion for incidence of symptomatic adjacent segment disease: a meta-analysis of prospective randomized controlled trials","author":"Zhu","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref118","first-page":"2253","volume-title":"Rate of adjacent segment disease in cervical disc arthroplasty versus single-level fusion: meta-analysis of prospective studies","author":"Verma","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40064-016-2851-8"},{"key":"ref120","first-page":"2227","volume-title":"Clinical outcomes with selectively constrained SECURE-C cervical disc arthroplasty: two-year results from a prospective, randomized, controlled, multicenter investigational device exemption study","author":"Vaccaro","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/jbjs.j.00476"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14444\/3010"},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.8.spine15219"},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.12.spine15824"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/brs.0000000000000869"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.2.spine171003"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200302000-00012"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14245\/ns.2040454.227"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.05.042"},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/bto.0b013e3181e0bec6"}],"container-title":["Asian Spine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/asianspinejournal.org\/upload\/pdf\/asj-2022-0445.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/asianspinejournal.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.31616\/asj.2022.0445","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/asianspinejournal.org\/upload\/pdf\/asj-2022-0445.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T01:22:15Z","timestamp":1672363335000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/asianspinejournal.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.31616\/asj.2022.0445"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31616\/asj.2022.0445","relation":{},"ISSN":["1976-1902","1976-7846"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1976-1902","type":"print"},{"value":"1976-7846","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-12-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-12-15","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-12-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published online","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-12-31","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Print publication","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}