{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T16:07:18Z","timestamp":1787846838958,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Asian Spine Journal (ASJ)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758585600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["asianspinejournal.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Asian Spine J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Study Design: Case-control study comparing healthy individuals and patients with chronic non-specific low back pain (NSLBP).Purpose: To compare detailed spinal motion and muscle activity patterns\u2014recorded simultaneously using non-invasive methods\u2014between chronic NSLBP patients and pain-free individuals, and to identify the most clinically useful variables for discriminating between the two groups.Overview of Literature: Motion analysis and electromyography (EMG) have been widely used to differentiate NSLBP patients from pain-free individuals. However, due to methodological heterogeneity across studies, the results have been inconsistent, limiting the clinical applicability of the findings.Methods: Forty-three pain-free controls and 43 patients with chronic NSLBP were enrolled. Using non-invasive techniques, synchronized lumbar spine motion and erector spinae (ES) EMG activity were recorded during standardized trunk flexion-extension cycles.Results: Several variables differed significantly between the two groups. Logistic regression identified two variables with significant odds ratios for the presence of chronic NSLBP: time spent with the spine flexed beyond 90% of its maximum range (odds ratio, 0.92; 95% confidence interval, 0.86\u20130.99) and the ES relaxation ratio (odds ratio, 1.08; 95% confidence interval, 1.04\u20131.13).Conclusions: Individuals with and without chronic NSLBP exhibit distinct spinal motion and ES activity patterns during trunk flexionextension. These differences\u2014specifically the time of maximum lumbar flexion and the relaxation ratio\u2014can be objectively and easily measured. Their assessment may offer valuable clinical utility for the diagnosis and follow-up of NSLBP patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.31616\/asj.2025.0336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:26:48Z","timestamp":1758587208000},"page":"294-301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31616\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A new logistic regression model for the detection of chronic low back pain, based on a case-control study in the Spanish population"],"prefix":"10.31616","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8737-1338","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pilar","family":"Alberola-Zorrilla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on the Clinical Anatomy of the Musculoskeletal System (GIACAL), Department of Anatomy and Human Embryology. Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4933-0003","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ana","family":"Queralt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AFIPS Research group, Department of Nursing, Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8808-619X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria \u00c1ngeles","family":"Pamblanco-Valero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on the Clinical Anatomy of the Musculoskeletal System (GIACAL), Department of Anatomy and Human Embryology. Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"},{"name":"Conservatori Superior de Dansa de Val\u00e8ncia, Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7105-5744","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Zuriaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on the Clinical Anatomy of the Musculoskeletal System (GIACAL), Department of Anatomy and Human Embryology. Universitat de Val\u00e8ncia, Val\u00e8ncia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"16744","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja16.00828"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84034-x"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-021-06992-0"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2005.06.008"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/jcma.0000000000000004"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/brs.0b013e3181f471d8"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-019-2843-2"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ajp.0b013e318267252d"},{"key":"ref9","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Flexion-relaxation phenomenon in the back muscles: a comparative study between healthy subjects and patients with chronic low back pain","author":"Shirado","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"S1","volume-title":"Chronic low back pain: a heterogeneous condition with challenges for an evidence-based approach","author":"Fourney","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2014.11.002"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/bf03193146"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"1051","volume-title":"The million visual analog scale: its utility for predicting tertiary rehabilitation outcomes","author":"Anagnostis","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2018.08.009"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"1435","volume-title":"Quantifying the lumbar flexion-relaxation phenomenon: theory, normative data, and clinical applications","author":"Neblett","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.300.6719.230"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199403000-00016"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2013.05.017"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/\/0033-2909.86.2.420"},{"key":"ref20","first-page":"1057","volume-title":"Treatment-based classification system for low back pain: revision and update","author":"Alrwaily","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31616\/asj.2018.0187"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1250-1"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-530-5_14"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002517-199804000-00013"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0268-0033(93)90013-8"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2011.05.008"}],"container-title":["Asian Spine Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/asianspinejournal.org\/upload\/pdf\/asj-2025-0336.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/asianspinejournal.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.31616\/asj.2025.0336","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/asianspinejournal.org\/upload\/pdf\/asj-2025-0336.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:41:46Z","timestamp":1777524106000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/asianspinejournal.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.31616\/asj.2025.0336"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31616\/asj.2025.0336","relation":{},"ISSN":["1976-1902","1976-7846"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1976-1902","type":"print"},{"value":"1976-7846","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-06","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published online","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Print publication","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}