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Vitamin deficiency. In: Combs Jr. GF, McClung JP, eds. The Vitamins Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health (5th ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2019; 60\u201378."},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2 Fukumoto S, Ozono K, Michigami T, et al. Pathogenesis and diagnostic criteria for rickets and osteomalacia\u2014proposal by an expert panel supported by Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan, The Japanese Society for Bone and Mineral Research and The Japan Endocrine Society. Endocr J 2015; 62: 665\u2013671.","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ15-0289"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"3 Amrein K, Scherkl M, Hoffmann M, et al. Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: an update on the current status worldwide. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020. DOI: 10.1038\/s41430-020-0558-y","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-0558-y"},{"key":"4","unstructured":"4 Jones G, Prosser DE. The activating enzymes of vitamin D metabolism (25- and 1\u03b1-hydroxylase). 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Vitamin D and calcium for the prevention of fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2: e1917789.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.17789"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8 Tanaka S, Kuroda T, Yamazaki Y, Shiraki Y, Yoshimura N, Shiraki M.  Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D below 25\u00a0ng\/mL is a risk factor for long bone fracture comparable to bone mineral density in Japanese postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Metab 2014; 32: 514\u2013523.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-013-0520-3"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9 Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Staehelin HB, et al. Fall prevention with supplemental and active forms of vitamin D: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2009; 339: b3692.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b3692"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10 Murad MH, Elamin KB, Abu Elnour NO, et al. The effect of vitamin D on falls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 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Associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D<sub>3<\/sub> level and skeletal muscle mass and lower limb muscle strength in Japanese middle-aged subjects. Osteoporos Sarcopenia 2017; 3: 53\u201358.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afos.2017.02.002"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14 Smith LM, Gallagher JC, Suiter C. Medium doses of daily vitamin D decrease falls and higher doses of daily vitamin D<sub>3<\/sub> increase falls: a randomized clinical trial. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 173: 317\u2013322.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.03.015"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15 Shimizu Y, Kim H, Yoshida H, Shimada H, Suzuki T. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and risk of falls in Japanese community-dwelling elderly women: a 1-year follow-up study. Osteoporos Int 2015; 26: 2185\u20132192.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-015-3130-1"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16 Allan GM, Cranston L, Lindblad A, et al. 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