{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T05:16:42Z","timestamp":1783142202252,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"The Society for Free Radical Research Japan","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.25-284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T22:08:23Z","timestamp":1773871703000},"page":"52-59","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effects of lutein, zeaxanthin and anthocyanins supplementation on visual function and vision protection in healthy school-\u200daged children: a single-center prospective randomized controlled study"],"prefix":"10.3164","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Zixiu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengjie","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sizhen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingsong","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinshuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanjing Tongren Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qidong","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inne Institude of Nutrition and Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengyuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inne Institude of Nutrition and Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inne Institude of Nutrition and Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1739","reference":[{"key":"1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"1 Kaur K, Kannusamy V, Gurnani B, Mouttapa F, Balakrishnan L. Knowledge, attitude, and practice patterns related to digital eye strain among parents of children attending online classes in the COVID-19 era: a cross-sectional study. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2022; 59: 224\u2013235.","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20211019-01"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2 Holden BA, Fricke TR, Wilson DA, et al. Global prevalence of myopia and high myopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology 2016; 123: 1036\u20131042.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.006"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3 Meng LH, Yuan MZ, Zhao XY, Chen YX. Macular Bruch\u2019s membrane defects and other myopic lesions in high myopia. Int J Ophthalmol 2022; 15: 466\u2013473.","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2022.03.15"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4 Jagadeesh D, Philip K, Fedtke C, Jong M, Ly A, Sankaridurg P. Posterior segment conditions associated with myopia and high myopia. Clin Exp Optom 2020; 103: 756\u2013765.","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.13060"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5 Jiang F, Wang D, Yin Q, He M, Li Z. Longitudinal changes in axial length and spherical equivalent in children and adolescents with high myopia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64: 6.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.12.6"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6 Li X, Holt RR, Keen CL, et al. Potential roles of dietary zeaxanthin and lutein in macular health and function. Nutr Rev 2023; 81: 670\u2013683.","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuac076"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7 Zhou Z, Li S, Yang Q, Zheng P, Xie K. BlingLife<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>-marigold extract alleviates blue light-induced retinal mitochondria oxidative stress and senescence by activating NRF2\/HO-1 signaling. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2025; 35: e2411037.","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.2411.11037"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8 Williams KM, Bentham GC, Young IS, et al. Association between myopia, ultraviolet B radiation exposure, serum vitamin D concentrations, and genetic polymorphisms in vitamin D metabolic pathways in a multicountry european study. JAMA Ophthalmol 2017; 135: 47\u201353.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.4752"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9 Yoshida T, Takagi Y, Igarashi-Yokoi T, Ohno-Matsui K. Efficacy of lutein supplements on macular pigment optical density in highly myopic individuals: a randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102: e33280.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000033280"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10 Kalt W, Cassidy A, Howard LR, et al. Recent research on the health benefits of blueberries and their anthocyanins. Adv Nutr 2020; 11: 224\u2013236.","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz065"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11 Tena N, Mart\u00edn J, Asuero AG. State of the art of anthocyanins: antioxidant activity, sources, bioavailability, and therapeutic effect in human health. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9: 451.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9050451"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12 Fan M, Kim SA, Choi YJ, Tang Y, Yang HP, Kim EK. Anthocyanin oligomer (grape skin extract) administration improves dry eye disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2023; 51: 122\u2013130.","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.14207"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13 Iida H, Nakamura Y, Matsumoto H, Kawahata K, Koga J, Katsumi O. Differential effects of black currant anthocyanins on diffuser- or negative lens-induced ocular elongation in chicks. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2013; 29: 604\u2013609.","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2012.0224"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14 Parekh R, Hammond BR Jr, Chandradhara D. Lutein and zeaxanthin supplementation improves dynamic visual and cognitive performance in children: a randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled study. Adv Ther 2024; 41: 1496\u20131511.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-024-02785-1"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15 Shi Y, Ma D, Li X, et al. Ethnic disparities in risk factors for myopia among Han and minority schoolchildren in Shawan, Xinjiang, China. Optom Vis Sci 2023; 100: 82\u201390.","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001949"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16 Bernstein PS, Li B, Vachali PP, et al. Lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin: the basic and clinical science underlying carotenoid-based nutritional interventions against ocular disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 50: 34\u201366.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2015.10.003"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17 Omar IAN. Effect of bilberry extract on slowing high-myopia progression in children: 2-year follow-up study. Clin Ophthalmol 2018; 12: 2575\u20132579.","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S187949"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18 Matsumoto H, Nakamura Y, Tachibanaki S, Kawamura S, Hirayama M. Stimulatory effect of cyanidin 3-glycosides on the regeneration of rhodopsin. J Agric Food Chem 2003; 51: 3560\u20133563.","DOI":"10.1021\/jf034132y"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19 Ohguro H, Ohguro I, Katai M, Tanaka S. Two-year randomized, placebo-controlled study of black currant anthocyanins on visual field in glaucoma. Ophthalmologica 2012; 228: 26\u201335.","DOI":"10.1159\/000335961"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20 Lin N, Zhu Y, Wu X, Yang M, Lu F, Deng R. Prevalence and determinants of asthenopia among ophthalmologists in China: a national cross-sectional survey. Front Public Health 2023; 11: 1290811.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1290811"},{"key":"21","unstructured":"21 Lin YY, Deng RZ, Li ZH, et al. A new valid and reliable questionnaire of asthenopia: development and evaluation. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2021; 57: 284\u2013291. (in Chinese)"},{"key":"22","unstructured":"22 Deng RZ, Tian L, Sun XQ, et al. Development of an asthenopia survey questionnaire for general surveys. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2023; 59: 452\u2013459. (in Chinese)"},{"key":"23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"23 Johnson EJ, Avendano EE, Mohn ES, Raman G. The association between macular pigment optical density and visual function outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eye (Lond) 2021; 35: 1620\u20131628.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-01124-2"},{"key":"24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"24 Wang L, Ma M, Li Y, et al. Effect of supplementation with lutein, zeaxanthin, and omega-3 fatty acids on macular pigment and visual function in young adults with long-term use of digital devices: study protocol for a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Front Nutr 2024; 11: 1422468.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1422468"},{"key":"25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"25 Tong N, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Gong Y, Wooten B, Wu X. Inverse relationship between macular pigment optical density and axial length in Chinese subjects with myopia. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2013; 251: 1495\u20131500.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-012-2225-z"},{"key":"26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"26 Zhmurin R, Grajewski L, Krause L. Influence of preoperative foveal layers\u2019 thickness on visual function and macular morphology by phacovitrectomy for epiretinal membrane. J Ophthalmol 2022; 2022: 1895498.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1895498"},{"key":"27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"27 Liew SH, Gilbert CE, Spector TD, et al. Central retinal thickness is positively correlated with macular pigment optical density. Exp Eye Res 2006; 82: 915\u2013920.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2005.10.014"},{"key":"28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"28 Zheng W, Zhang Z, Jiang K, Zhu J, He G, Ke B. Macular pigment optical density and its relationship with refractive status and foveal thickness in Chinese school-aged children. Curr Eye Res 2013; 38: 168\u2013173.","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2012.713150"},{"key":"29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"29 Wilson LM, Tharmarajah S, Jia Y, Semba RD, Schaumberg DA, Robinson KA. The effect of lutein\/zeaxanthin intake on human macular pigment optical density: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv Nutr 2021; 12: 2244\u20132254.","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab071"},{"key":"30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"30 Huang YM, Dou HL, Huang FF, Xu XR, Zou ZY, Lin XM. Effect of supplemental lutein and zeaxanthin on serum, macular pigmentation, and visual performance in patients with early age-related macular degeneration. Biomed Res Int 2015; 2015: 564738.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/564738"},{"key":"31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"31 Huang WY, Wu H, Li DJ, et al. Protective effects of blueberry anthocyanins against H<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>2<\/sub>-induced oxidative injuries in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66: 1638\u20131648.","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b06135"},{"key":"32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"32 Ye Y, Liu F, Xian Y, et al. Correlation of contrast sensitivity at low spatial frequencies with myopic shift in Chinese children. BMC Ophthalmol 2025; 25: 99.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-025-03858-7"},{"key":"33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"33 Fujimura S, Ueda K, Nomura Y, Yanagi Y. Preliminary analysis of the relationship between serum lutein and zeaxanthin levels and macular pigment optical density. Clin Ophthalmol 2016; 10: 2149\u20132155.","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S119251"},{"key":"34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"34 Stringham JM, O&apos;Brien KJ, Stringham NT. Contrast sensitivity and lateral inhibition are enhanced with macular carotenoid supplementation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58: 2291\u20132295.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-21087"},{"key":"35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"35 Chamberlain P, Lazon de la Jara P, Arumugam B, Bullimore MA. Axial length targets for myopia control. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2021; 41: 523\u2013531.","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12812"},{"key":"36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"36 Lawrenson JG, Shah R, Huntjens B, et al. Interventions for myopia control in children: a living systematic review and network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 2: CD014758.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014758.pub2"},{"key":"37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"37 Hou W, Norton TT, Hyman L, Gwiazda J; COMET Group. Axial elongation in myopic children and its association with myopia progression in the correction of myopia evaluation Trial. Eye Contact Lens 2018; 44: 248\u2013259.","DOI":"10.1097\/ICL.0000000000000505"},{"key":"38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"38 Roberts JE, Dennison J. The photobiology of lutein and zeaxanthin in the eye. J Ophthalmol 2015; 2015: 687173.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/687173"},{"key":"39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"39 Yu M, Yan W, Beight C. Lutein and zeaxanthin isomers protect against light-induced retinopathy via decreasing oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress in BALB\/cJ mice. Nutrients 2018; 10: 842.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070842"},{"key":"40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"40 Matsumoto H, Kamm KE, Stull JT, Azuma H. Delphinidin-3-rutinoside relaxes the bovine ciliary smooth muscle through activation of ETB receptor and NO\/cGMP pathway. Exp Eye Res 2005; 80: 313\u2013322.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2004.10.002"},{"key":"41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"41 Nomi Y, Iwasaki-Kurashige K, Matsumoto H. Therapeutic effects of anthocyanins for vision and eye health. Molecules 2019; 24: 3311.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24183311"},{"key":"42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"42 Kosehira M, Machida N, Kitaichi N. A 12-week-long intake of bilberry extract (<i>Vaccinium myrtillus<\/i> L.) improved objective findings of ciliary muscle contraction of the eye: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group comparison trial. Nutrients 2020; 12: 600.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030600"},{"key":"43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"43 Lee J, Lee HK, Kim CY, et al. Purified high-dose anthocyanoside oligomer administration improves nocturnal vision and clinical symptoms in myopia subjects. Br J Nutr 2005; 93: 895\u2013899.","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051438"},{"key":"44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"44 Auffret \u00c9, Gomart G, Bourcier T, Gaucher D, Speeg-Schatz C, Sauer A. Digital eye strain. Symptoms, prevalence, pathophysiology, and management. J Fr Ophtalmol 2021; 44: 1605\u20131610. (in French)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2020.10.002"},{"key":"45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"45 Touma Sawaya RI, El Meski N, Saba JB, et al. Asthenopia among university students: the eye of the digital generation. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9: 3921\u20133932.","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_340_20"},{"key":"46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"46 Wang J, Zeng P, Deng XW, et al. Eye habits affect the prevalence of asthenopia in patients with myopia. J Ophthalmol 2022; 2022: 8669217.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8669217"},{"key":"47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"47 Kan J, Wang M, Liu Y, et al. A novel botanical formula improves eye fatigue and dry eye: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112: 334\u2013342.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa139"},{"key":"48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"48 Lopresti AL, Smith SJ. The effects of lutein\/ zeaxanthin (Lute-gen<sup>\u00ae<\/sup>) on eye health, eye strain, sleep quality, and attention in high electronic screen users: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Front Nutr 2025; 12: 1522302.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1522302"},{"key":"49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"49 Lem DW, Gierhart DL, Davey PG. Can nutrition play a role in ameliorating digital eye strain? Nutrients 2022; 14: 4005.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14194005"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jcbn\/79\/1\/79_25-284\/_pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T04:34:29Z","timestamp":1783139669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.jstage.jst.go.jp\/article\/jcbn\/79\/1\/79_25-284\/_article"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3164\/jcbn.25-284","relation":{},"ISSN":["0912-0009","1880-5086"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0912-0009","type":"print"},{"value":"1880-5086","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"article-number":"25-284"}}