{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T03:45:08Z","timestamp":1791171908051,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Dairy Science Association","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,1]],"date-time":"2009-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1241136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,14]],"date-time":"2019-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3545,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Dairy Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,23]],"date-time":"2009-04-23T19:40:17Z","timestamp":1240515617000},"page":"2259-2269","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":129,"title":["Genetic and environmental factors that affect gestation length in dairy cattle"],"prefix":"10.3168","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"H.D.","family":"Norman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.R.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.T.","family":"Kuhn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.M.","family":"Hubbard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.B.","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P.M.","family":"VanRaden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1747","reference":[{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(65)88431-4","article-title":"Gestation length and birth weight in cattle and buffaloes: A review","volume":"48","author":"Andersen","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1987.642348x","article-title":"Genetic parameters for gestation length, birth date and first breeding date in beef cattle","volume":"64","author":"Azzam","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(52)93690-4","article-title":"Factors associated with the duration of gestation in dairy cattle","volume":"35","author":"Brakel","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib4","first-page":"284","article-title":"Breed composition codes for crossbred dairy cattle in the United States","volume":"87","author":"Cole","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(05)72822-8","article-title":"Genetic evaluation of calving ease for Brown Swiss and Jersey bulls from purebred and crossbred calvings","volume":"88","author":"Cole","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-436","article-title":"Stillbirth (co)variance components for a sire-maternal grandsire threshold model and development of a calving ability index for sire selection","volume":"90","author":"Cole","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib7","unstructured":"DeJarnette, M. 2005. Sexed semen: Is it finally a reality? Selections Jan.:8\u20139."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2527\/1999.77139x","article-title":"Effects of twinning on gestation length, retained placenta, and dystocia","volume":"77","author":"Echternkamp","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"issue":"E. Suppl. 2","key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib9","first-page":"E64","article-title":"Reproductive, growth, feedlot, and carcass traits of twin vs single births in cattle","volume":"80","author":"Echternkamp","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3239","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0210","article-title":"Increased calf production in cattle selected for twin ovulations","volume":"85","author":"Echternkamp","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2307\/1536717","article-title":"Identical twins in cattle?","volume":"42","author":"Gowen","year":"1922","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4366","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(91)78633-5","article-title":"Reproductive performance in genetic lines selected for high or average milk yield","volume":"74","author":"Hageman","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-6226(90)90070-M","article-title":"Genetic analyses of calving traits in the Swiss Black and White, Braunvieh and Simmental breeds by REML and MAPP procedures","volume":"24","author":"Hagger","year":"1990","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livprodsci.2004.06.007","article-title":"Gestation length in Danish Holsteins has weak genetic associations with stillbirth, calving difficulty, and calf size","volume":"91","author":"Hansen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib15","unstructured":"International Bull Evaluation Service. 2008. Interbull routine genetic evaluation for calving traits, April 2008. http:\/\/www-interbull.slu.se\/calving\/ca-apr08.html Accessed Apr. 23, 2008."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(05)72895-2","article-title":"Estimates of genetic parameters for Canadian Holstein female reproduction traits","volume":"88","author":"Jamrozik","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3745","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)73981-2","article-title":"Birth weight as a predictor of calving ease and perinatal mortality in Holstein cattle","volume":"86","author":"Johanson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1985.614758x","article-title":"Bovine embryo transfer pregnancies. II. Lengths of gestation","volume":"61","author":"King","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(32)93391-8","article-title":"A study of the gestation period of Holstein-Friesian cows","volume":"15","author":"Knott","year":"1932","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib20","unstructured":"Livestock Improvement Corporation. 2007. It's a cow, Jim, but not as we know it. http:\/\/www.lic.co.nz\/lic_News_Archive.cfm?nid=44. Accessed Apr. 23, 2008."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib21","unstructured":"Livestock Improvement Corporation. 2008. Short gestation. http:\/\/www.lic.co.nz\/lic_Short_gestation.cfm. Accessed Apr. 23, 2008."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(83)82098-0","article-title":"Factors affecting calf livability for Holsteins","volume":"66","author":"Martinez","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib23","first-page":"102","article-title":"Relationships between calving traits in heifers and mature cows in Australia","volume":"31","author":"McClintock","year":"2003","journal-title":"Interbull Bull"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1017\/S135772980000881X","article-title":"The genetic evaluation of beef sires used for crossing with dairy cows in the UK. 1. Sire breed and non-genetic effects on calving survey traits","volume":"66","author":"McGuirk","year":"1998","journal-title":"Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2657","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(00)75159-9","article-title":"Interactions among factors affecting stillbirths in Holstein cattle in the United States","volume":"83","author":"Meyer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib26","series-title":"Proc. 7th World Congr. Genet. Appl. Livest. Prod","article-title":"BLUPF90 and related programs","author":"Misztal","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib27","first-page":"17","article-title":"Calving difficulties and calf mortality in Finnish dairy cattle population","volume":"18","author":"Niskanen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Interbull Bull"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-6226(80)90111-6","article-title":"Breed and crossbreeding effects in a crossing experiment between Dutch Friesian and Holstein Friesian cattle","volume":"7","author":"Oldenbroek","year":"1980","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/00015127609435090","article-title":"Studies on calving difficulty, stillbirth and associated factors in Swedish cattle breeds. III. Genetic parameters","volume":"26","author":"Philipsson","year":"1976","journal-title":"Acta Agric. Scand. A"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(92)77764-9","article-title":"Factors affecting days open, gestation length, and calving interval in Florida dairy cattle","volume":"75","author":"Silva","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(07)71614-4","article-title":"An observational analysis of twin births, calf sex ratio, and calf mortality in Holstein dairy cattle","volume":"90","author":"Silva Del R\u00edo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(91)78335-5","article-title":"Prepartum and peripartum reproductive performance of dairy heifers freshening at young ages","volume":"74","author":"Simerl","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3366","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)73940-X","article-title":"Implementation of a sire-maternal grandsire model for evaluation of calving ease in the United States","volume":"86","author":"Van Tassell","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)70049-1","article-title":"Development of a national genetic evaluation for cow fertility","volume":"87","author":"VanRaden","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)73771-0","article-title":"Calving ease (co)variance components for a sire-maternal grandsire threshold model","volume":"86","author":"Wiggans","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib36","series-title":"Proc. Assoc. Adv. Anim. Breed. Genet","first-page":"63","article-title":"Selection for reduced gestation length in New Zealand dairy cattle","author":"Winkelman","year":"2001"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib37","first-page":"410","article-title":"Influence of the quality of reproductive event data on heritability of gestation length in DHI herds","volume":"84","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0982_bib38","unstructured":"Zhao, X. X. 2000. An overview of the reproductive performance. Doc. No. A1302.0900 in Recent Advances in Yak Reproduction. X. X. Zhao and R. C. Zhang, ed. Inter. Vet. Infor. Serv., Ithaca, NY. www.ivis.org. Accessed Apr. 23, 2008."}],"container-title":["Journal of Dairy Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022030209705429?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022030209705429?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022030209705429","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T18:12:33Z","timestamp":1731089553000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022030209705429"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022030209705429"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2007-0982","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0302"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0302","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]}}}