{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T13:14:27Z","timestamp":1791378867438,"version":"4.3.2"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"American Dairy Science Association","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]],"date-time":"2017-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498867200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,16]],"date-time":"2019-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1547596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":564,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Dairy Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,11]],"date-time":"2017-05-11T13:08:03Z","timestamp":1494508083000},"page":"5664-5674","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":207,"title":["Machine-learning-based calving prediction from activity, lying, and ruminating behaviors in dairy cattle"],"prefix":"10.3168","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"M.R.","family":"Borchers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.M.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.L.","family":"Proudfoot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.A.","family":"Wadsworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.E.","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.M.","family":"Bewley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1747","reference":[{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(93)77369-5","article-title":"Feeding behavior of dairy cattle","volume":"76","author":"Albright","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1988.6651073x","article-title":"Effects of induced parturition and early obstetrical assistance in beef cattle","volume":"66","author":"Bellows","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2974","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7560","article-title":"Technical note: Evaluation of an ear-attached movement sensor to record cow feeding behavior and activity","volume":"97","author":"Bikker","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pattern recognition","volume":"128","author":"Bishop","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4198","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8963","article-title":"An assessment of producer precision dairy farming technology use, prepurchase considerations, and usefulness","volume":"98","author":"Borchers","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7458","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10843","article-title":"A validation of technologies monitoring dairy cow feeding, ruminating, and lying behaviors","volume":"99","author":"Borchers","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5053","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4484","article-title":"Validity of prepartum changes in vaginal and rectal temperature to predict calving in dairy cows","volume":"94","author":"Burfeind","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2007.05.012","article-title":"Mastitis detection in dairy cows by application of neural networks","volume":"114","author":"Cavero","year":"2008","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(96)01210-5","article-title":"An automatic system to monitor lying, standing and walking behaviour of grazing animals","volume":"54","author":"Champion","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731114003127","article-title":"Rumination and activity levels as predictors of calving for dairy cows","volume":"9","author":"Clark","year":"2015","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(02)00306-8","article-title":"Improving oestrus detection by combination of activity measurements with information about previous oestrus cases","volume":"82","author":"Firk","year":"2003","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1621051","article-title":"Changes of the vulva and the vestibulum in suckler cows and heifers during the last seven days ante partum","volume":"34","author":"Hofmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Tieraerztliche Praxis Ausgabe Grosstiere Nutztiere"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7991","DOI":"10.3390\/s100907991","article-title":"Sensors and clinical mastitis\u2014the quest for the perfect alert","volume":"10","author":"Hogeveen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(05)72923-4","article-title":"Changes in feeding, drinking, and standing behavior of dairy cows during the transition period","volume":"88","author":"Huzzey","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib16","series-title":"Annex C: Example of methods of evaluating detection systems for milk deemed as abnormal due to blood or changes in homogeneity","article-title":"Automatic milking systems\u2014requirements and testing","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2012.04.002","article-title":"Behaviour around the time of calving in dairy cows","volume":"139","author":"Jensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib18","series-title":"Pages 133\u2013136 in Proc. GIL Jahrestagung","article-title":"Control charts and neural networks for oestrus dectection in dairy cows","author":"Krieter","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2526","DOI":"10.2527\/1997.7592526x","article-title":"Body temperature and endocrine interactions before and after calving in beef cows","volume":"75","author":"Lammoglia","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5129","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2945","article-title":"Evaluation of data loggers, sampling intervals, and editing techniques for measuring the lying behavior of dairy cattle","volume":"93","author":"Ledgerwood","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/0967-0661(95)00014-L","article-title":"Statistical process control of multivariate processes","volume":"3","author":"MacGregor","year":"1995","journal-title":"Control Eng. Pract."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.10.020","article-title":"Pain and discomfort caused by parturition in cows and sows","volume":"135","author":"Mainau","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib23","series-title":"Pages 141\u2013146 in Proc. Precision Livestock Farming","article-title":"A practical way to detect approaching calving of the dairy cow by a behaviour sensor","author":"Maltz","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2013.10.014","article-title":"Automated measurement of lying behavior for monitoring the comfort and welfare of lactating dairy cows","volume":"158","author":"Mattachini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4899","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2012-5554","article-title":"Methodology for quantifying the behavioral activity of dairy cows in freestall barns","volume":"91","author":"Mattachini","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib26","series-title":"Page 136 in Proc. New Zealand Society of Animal Production","article-title":"Validation of a technology for objectively measuring behaviour in dairy cows and its application for oestrous detection","author":"McGowan","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib27","volume":"Vol. 544","author":"McLachlan","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2004.06.001","article-title":"Managing the dairy cow at calving time","volume":"20","author":"Mee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2011.01.012","article-title":"Changes in the behaviour of dairy cows during the 24h before normal calving compared with behaviour during late pregnancy","volume":"131","author":"Miedema","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3682","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-6214","article-title":"Effects of meloxicam on milk production, behavior, and feed intake in dairy cows following assisted calving","volume":"96","author":"Newby","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7051","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5510","article-title":"Effect of oral calcium bolus supplementation on early-lactation health and milk yield in commercial dairy herds","volume":"95","author":"Oetzel","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10057","article-title":"Evaluation of calving indicators measured by automated monitoring devices to predict the onset of calving in holstein dairy cows","volume":"99","author":"Ouellet","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1591(85)90012-7","article-title":"Parturient behaviour and calf survival in a herd selected for twinning","volume":"13","author":"Owens","year":"1985","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6935","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8194","article-title":"Rumination activity of dairy cows in the 24 hours before and after calving","volume":"97","author":"Pahl","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-9-191","article-title":"Evaluation of remote monitoring of parturition in dairy cattle as a new tool for calving management","volume":"9","author":"Palombi","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4937","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2135","article-title":"The effect of dystocia on the dry matter intake and behavior of Holstein cows","volume":"92","author":"Proudfoot","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2009.03.002","article-title":"Evaluation of three-dimensional accelerometers to monitor and classify behavior patterns in cattle","volume":"67","author":"Robert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1928","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-6107","article-title":"Invited review: Sensors to support health management on dairy farms","volume":"96","author":"Rutten","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3212","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4741","article-title":"Rumination and its relationship to feeding and lying behavior in Holstein dairy cows","volume":"95","author":"Schirmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7088","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7023","article-title":"Short communication: Rumination and feeding behavior before and after calving in dairy cows","volume":"96","author":"Schirmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6052","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2361","article-title":"Technical note: Validation of a system for monitoring rumination in dairy cows","volume":"92","author":"Schirmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5494","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4436","article-title":"Assessment of calving progress and reference times for obstetric intervention during dystocia in holstein dairy cows","volume":"94","author":"Schuenemann","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib43","first-page":"66","article-title":"Study about the occurrence of visible signs of approaching parturition in suckler cows and heifers: Changes of the udder","volume":"115","author":"Sendag","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-6693","article-title":"Prediction of insemination outcomes in Holstein dairy cattle using alternative machine learning algorithms","volume":"97","author":"Shahinfar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029909990550","article-title":"Detection of mastitis and its stage of progression by automatic milking systems using artificial neural networks","volume":"77","author":"Sun","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib46","series-title":"Dairy 2007, Heifer Calf Health and Management Practices on US Dairy Operations, 2007","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2005.11.008","article-title":"Behaviour during the first stage of labour in cattle: Influence of parity and dystocia","volume":"100","author":"Wehrend","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib48","series-title":"Analyzing Quantitative Data: An Introduction for Social Researchers","author":"Wetcher-Hendricks","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11526_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1287\/inte.21.2.25","article-title":"An introduction to neural networks and a comparison with artificial intelligence and expert systems","volume":"21","author":"Zahedi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Interfaces"}],"container-title":["Journal of Dairy Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022030217304113?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022030217304113?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022030217304113","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T21:58:27Z","timestamp":1731103107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022030217304113"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022030217304113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2016-11526","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0302"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0302","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}}}