{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T03:15:45Z","timestamp":1771298145541,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"American Dairy Science Association","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,22]],"date-time":"2022-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":536,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003419","name":"Ghana Education Trust Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003419","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalofdairyscience.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Dairy Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T11:57:15Z","timestamp":1607687835000},"page":"1951-1966","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Realized genetic selection differentials in Canadian Ayrshire, Jersey, and Brown Swiss dairy cattle populations"],"prefix":"10.3168","volume":"104","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2902-5271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B.A.","family":"Hagan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7384-4077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Moro-Mendez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.I.","family":"Cue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1747","reference":[{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(92)77886-2","article-title":"Genetic value of herd life adjusted for milk production","volume":"75","author":"Allaire","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(98)75810-2","article-title":"A summary of the reasons why farmers cull cows","volume":"81","author":"Bascom","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(92)77985-5","article-title":"Observed and theoretical genetic trends in a large dairy population under intensive selection","volume":"75","author":"Burnside","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib4","author":"Canadian Dairy Information Centre"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib5","author":"Canadian Dairy Information Centre"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib6","author":"Canadian Dairy Network"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2016.06.009","article-title":"Genetic trend estimates for milk yield production and fertility traits of the Girolando cattle in Brazil","volume":"190","author":"Canaza-Cayo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(88)79771-4","article-title":"Sire-daughter and dam-daughter paths: Research geneticists' view","volume":"71","author":"Cassell","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib9","author":"Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4312","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13571","article-title":"Short communication: Genetic lag represents commercial herd genetic merit more accurately than the 4-path selection model","volume":"101","author":"Dechow","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74227-6","article-title":"Genetic parameters and responses of linear type, yield traits, and somatic cell scores to divergent selection for predicted transmitting ability for type in Holsteins","volume":"85","author":"DeGroot","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib12","series-title":"Introduction to Quantitative Genetics","author":"Falconer","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3995","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1519061113","article-title":"Changes in genetic selection differentials and generation intervals in US Holstein dairy cattle as a result of genomic selection","volume":"113","author":"Garc\u00eda-Ruiz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-16890","article-title":"Realized genetic selection differentials in Canadian Holstein dairy herds","volume":"103","author":"Hagan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1071\/AR03059","article-title":"Genetic parameters of fertility traits and their correlation with production, type, workability, liveweight, survival index, and cell count","volume":"55","author":"Haile-Mariam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aust. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(05)72895-2","article-title":"Estimates of genetic parameters for Canadian Holstein female reproduction traits","volume":"88","author":"Jamrozik","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1017\/S1357729800055338","article-title":"Linear and threshold model genetic parameters for disease, fertility and milk production in dairy cattle","volume":"71","author":"Kadarmideen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2508\/chikusan.75.1","article-title":"Influence of genetic selection differential and generation interval on genetic gain per year for milk production in Hokkaido Holstein cows in Japan","volume":"75","author":"Kawahara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas80-034","article-title":"Are today's dairy cattle breeding programs suitable for tomorrow's production requirements?","volume":"60","author":"McAllister","year":"1980","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10251","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-12968","article-title":"A 100-year review: Identification and genetic selection of economically important traits in dairy cattle","volume":"100","author":"Miglior","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(05)72792-2","article-title":"Selection indices in Holstein cattle of various countries","volume":"88","author":"Miglior","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(96)76390-7","article-title":"Estimates of genetic trend for yield traits of the registered Jersey population","volume":"79","author":"Nizamani","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3517","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1768","article-title":"Reproductive status of Holstein and Jersey cows in the United States","volume":"92","author":"Norman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1111\/jbg.12359","article-title":"Variation in the actual preferences for AI bull traits among Finnish dairy herds","volume":"135","author":"Paakala","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Breed. Genet."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0757","article-title":"Incidence rate of clinical mastitis on Canadian dairy farms","volume":"91","author":"Riekerink","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-35982001000600013","article-title":"Genetic trend estimates for yield traits in Mantiqueira cattle","volume":"30","author":"Silva","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Zootec."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2015.09.006","article-title":"Impacts of animal genetic gain on the profitability of three different grassland farming systems producing red meat","volume":"141","author":"Thompson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric. Syst."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03548498","article-title":"Comparison of ketosis, clinical mastitis, somatic cell count, and reproductive performance between free stall and tie stall barns in Norwegian dairy herds with automatic feeding","volume":"38","author":"Valde","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib29","author":"Van Doormaal"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(91)78258-1","article-title":"Estimates of genetic selection differentials and generation intervals for four paths of selection","volume":"74","author":"van Tassell","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2327","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(01)74681-4","article-title":"Genetic correlations among body condition score, yield, and fertility in first-parity cows estimated by random regression models","volume":"84","author":"Veerkamp","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74073-3","article-title":"Trends in reproductive performance in southeastern Holstein and Jersey DHI herds","volume":"85","author":"Washburn","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-021815-111422","article-title":"Genomic selection in dairy cattle: The USDA experience","volume":"5","author":"Wiggans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17938_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6188","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4481","article-title":"Technical note: Adjustment of traditional cow evaluations to improve accuracy of genomic predictions","volume":"94","author":"Wiggans","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Dairy Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022030220310031?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022030220310031?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022030220310031","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T21:57:47Z","timestamp":1731103067000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022030220310031"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022030220310031"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2019-17938","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0302"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0302","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Realized genetic selection differentials in Canadian Ayrshire, Jersey, and Brown Swiss dairy cattle populations","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Dairy Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2019-17938","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 American Dairy Science Association\u00ae.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}