{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:35:51Z","timestamp":1790199351095,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"American Dairy Science Association","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,1]],"date-time":"2022-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651363200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007015","name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Dairy Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T17:41:59Z","timestamp":1647538919000},"page":"4679-4689","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Symposium review: The implications of spontaneous versus synchronized ovulations on the reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows"],"prefix":"10.3168","volume":"105","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1488-7672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.M.","family":"Fricke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8188-0991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.C.","family":"Wiltbank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1747","reference":[{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13628","article-title":"Effect of dose and timing of prostaglandin F2\u03b1 treatments during a Resynch protocol on luteal regression and fertility in lactating Holstein cows","volume":"101","author":"Barletta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3413","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72378-5","article-title":"Optimizing ovulation to first GnRH improved outcomes to each hormonal injection of Ovsynch in lactating dairy cows","volume":"89","author":"Bello","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2472","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8954","article-title":"Meta-analysis of progesterone supplementation during timed artificial insemination programs in dairy cows","volume":"98","author":"Bisinotto","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10358","article-title":"Effect of insemination after estrous detection on pregnancy per artificial insemination and pregnancy loss in a Presynch-Ovsynch protocol: A meta-analysis","volume":"99","author":"Borchardt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8566","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-14191","article-title":"Short communication: Effect of adding a second prostaglandin F2\u03b1 injection during the Ovsynch protocol on luteal regression and fertility in lactating dairy cows: A meta-analysis","volume":"101","author":"Borchardt","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib6","article-title":"Luteal presence and ovarian response at the beginning of a timed artificial insemination protocol for lactating dairy cows affect fertility: A meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Borchardt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0409","article-title":"Altering the time of the second gonadotropin-releasing hormone injection and artificial insemination (AI) during Ovsynch affects pregnancies per AI in lactating dairy cows","volume":"91","author":"Brusveen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1289","article-title":"Effects of additional prostaglandin F2\u03b1 and estradiol-17\u03b2 during Ovsynch in lactating dairy cows","volume":"92","author":"Brusveen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4723","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72522-X","article-title":"Survey of management practices on reproductive performance of dairy cattle on large US commercial farms","volume":"89","author":"Caraviello","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8741","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-9719","article-title":"Modifications to Ovsynch improve fertility during resynchronization: Evaluation of presynchronization with gonadotropin-releasing hormone 6 d before initiation of Ovsynch and addition of a second prostaglandin F2\u03b1 treatment","volume":"98","author":"Carvalho","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2018.03.037","article-title":"Development of fertility programs to achieve high 21-day pregnancy rates in high-producing dairy cows","volume":"114","author":"Carvalho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3666","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7809","article-title":"Relationships between fertility and postpartum changes in body condition and body weight in lactating dairy cows","volume":"97","author":"Carvalho","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8800","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-9968","article-title":"Manipulation of progesterone to increase ovulatory response to the first GnRH treatment of an Ovsynch protocol in lactating dairy cows receiving first timed artificial insemination","volume":"98","author":"Carvalho","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib14","author":"CDCB (Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-08-0242","article-title":"Period of dominance of the ovulatory follicle influences embryo quality in lactating dairy cows","volume":"137","author":"Cerri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4595","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13732","article-title":"Association between body condition score change during the dry period and postpartum health and performance","volume":"101","author":"Chebel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4632","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3179","article-title":"Effect of inseminating cows in estrus following a presynchronization protocol on reproductive and lactation performances","volume":"93","author":"Chebel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9238","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10383","article-title":"Prediction of portal and hepatic blood flow from intake level data in cattle","volume":"99","author":"Ellis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2771","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7366","article-title":"Reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows managed for first service using timed artificial insemination with or without detection of estrus using an activity monitoring system","volume":"97","author":"Fricke","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3791","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8997","article-title":"The association between occurrence and severity of subclinical and clinical mastitis on pregnancies per artificial insemination at first service of Holstein cows","volume":"98","author":"Fuenzalida","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3995","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1519061113","article-title":"Changes in genetic selection differentials and generation intervals in US Holstein dairy cattle as a result of genomic selection","volume":"113","author":"Garc\u00eda-Ruiz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2013.07.003","article-title":"Effect of increasing GnRH and PGF2\u03b1 dose during Double-Ovsynch on ovulatory response, luteal regression, and fertility of lactating dairy cows","volume":"80","author":"Giordano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3781","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-5155","article-title":"Effect of progesterone on magnitude of the luteinizing hormone surge induced by two different doses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in lactating dairy cows","volume":"95","author":"Giordano","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.07.021","article-title":"Effect of presynchronization strategy before Ovsynch on fertility at first service in lactating dairy cows","volume":"78","author":"G\u00fcmen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"issue":"Suppl_2","key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.2527\/1997.77suppl_236x","article-title":"Strategies for managing reproduction in the heat-stressed dairy cow","volume":"77","author":"Hansen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731117000520","article-title":"Modifications of the G6G timed-AI protocol improved pregnancy per AI and reduced pregnancy loss in lactating dairy cows","volume":"11","author":"Heidari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7003","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-5260","article-title":"Presynchronization with Double-Ovsynch improves fertility at first postpartum artificial insemination in lactating dairy cows","volume":"95","author":"Herlihy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2003.10.009","article-title":"Relationship between level of milk production and estrous behavior of lactating dairy cows","volume":"81","author":"Lopez","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.118.23.628","article-title":"The association between lameness and fertility in dairy cows","volume":"118","author":"Lucey","year":"1986","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3554","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13570","article-title":"Follicular dynamics, circulating progesterone, and fertility in Holstein cows synchronized with reused intravaginal progesterone implants that were sanitized by autoclave or chemical disinfection","volume":"101","author":"Melo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5577","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15828","article-title":"The high-fertility cycle: How timely pregnancies in one lactation may lead to less body condition loss, fewer health issues, greater fertility, and reduced early pregnancy losses in the next lactation","volume":"102","author":"Middleton","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.1020123","article-title":"Association between the duration of dominance of the ovulatory follicle and pregnancy rate in beef heifers","volume":"102","author":"Mihm","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"issue":"E Suppl","key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib33","first-page":"408","article-title":"Evaluating reproductive outcomes in United Stated Holstein dairies","volume":"93","author":"Moeller","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3826","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-9040","article-title":"Increasing estradiol benzoate, pretreatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and impediments for successful estradiol-based fixed-time artificial insemination protocols in dairy cattle","volume":"98","author":"Monteiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(01)74600-0","article-title":"Effects of presynchronization and bovine somatotropin on pregnancy rates to a timed artificial insemination protocol in lactating dairy cows","volume":"84","author":"Moreira","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(97)75938-1","article-title":"Reproductive management of lactating dairy cows using synchronization of ovulation","volume":"80","author":"Pursley","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(95)00279-H","article-title":"Synchronization of ovulation in dairy cows using PGF2\u03b1 and GnRH","volume":"44","author":"Pursley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(98)75790-X","article-title":"Effect of time of artificial insemination on pregnancy rates, calving rates, pregnancy loss, and gender ratio after synchronization of ovulation in lactating dairy cows","volume":"81","author":"Pursley","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(97)75937-X","article-title":"Pregnancy rates per artificial insemination for cows and heifers inseminated at a synchronized ovulation or synchronized estrus","volume":"80","author":"Pursley","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.1060039","article-title":"Prolonged dominance of follicles and reduced viability of bovine oocytes","volume":"106","author":"Revah","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2831","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74370-1","article-title":"High feed intake increases liver blood flow and metabolism of progesterone and estradiol-17\u03b2 in dairy cattle","volume":"85","author":"Sangsritavong","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib42","first-page":"254","article-title":"Impact of animal health on reproduction of dairy cows","volume":"11","author":"Santos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3869","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10557","article-title":"Adding a second prostaglandin F2\u03b1 treatment to but not reducing the duration of a PRID-Synch protocol increases fertility after resynchronization of ovulation in lactating Holstein cows","volume":"99","author":"Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8507","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13210","article-title":"Fertility of lactating Holstein cows submitted to a Double-Ovsynch protocol and timed artificial insemination versus artificial insemination after synchronization of estrus at a similar day in milk range","volume":"100","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2015","article-title":"Management practices associated with conception rate and service rate of lactating Holstein cows in large, commercial dairy herds","volume":"93","author":"Schefers","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(94)77217-9","article-title":"The estrus detection problem: New concepts, technologies, and possibilities","volume":"77","author":"Senger","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib47","first-page":"115","article-title":"Genetic merit for fertility and type of reproductive management strategy affected the reproductive performance of primiparous lactating Holstein cows","volume":"102","author":"Sitko","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.03.014","article-title":"A new presynchronization system (Double-Ovsynch) increases fertility at first postpartum timed AI in lactating dairy cows","volume":"70","author":"Souza","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4623","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0172","article-title":"Supplementation with estradiol-17\u03b2 before the last gonadotropin-releasing hormone injection of the Ovsynch protocol in lactating dairy cows","volume":"90","author":"Souza","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6513","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5707","article-title":"Pregnancy per artificial insemination after presynchronizing estrous cycles with the Presynch-10 protocol or prostaglandin F2\u03b1 injection followed by gonadotropin-releasing hormone before Ovsynch-56 in 4 dairy herds of lactating dairy cows","volume":"95","author":"Stevenson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib51","series-title":"Proc. 43rd Annual AABP conference","first-page":"240","article-title":"Effect of 14\/11 presynch\/ovsynch on first service conception rates of lactating dairy cows compared to AI following a detected estrus","author":"Strickland","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2020.12.020","article-title":"Effect of dose and timing of prostaglandin F2\u03b1 treatments during a 7-d Ovsynch protocol on progesterone concentration at the end of the protocol and pregnancy outcomes in lactating Holstein cows","volume":"162","author":"Tippenhauer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib53","author":"USDA"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7115","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5639","article-title":"Assessment of an accelerometer system for detection of estrus and for treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone at the time of insemination in lactating dairy cows","volume":"95","author":"Valenza","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(99)00195-8","article-title":"Synchronization rate, size of the ovulatory follicle, and pregnancy rate after synchronization of ovulation beginning on different days of the estrous cycle in lactating dairy cows","volume":"52","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"1999","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8644","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-9353","article-title":"Effect of a second treatment with prostaglandin F2\u03b1 during the Ovsynch protocol on luteolysis and pregnancy in dairy cows","volume":"98","author":"Wiltbank","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Dairy Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022030222001734?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022030222001734?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022030222001734","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T16:25:16Z","timestamp":1731083116000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022030222001734"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022030222001734"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2021-21431","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0302"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0302","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}}}