{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T18:19:46Z","timestamp":1792520386213,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"American Dairy Science Association","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalofdairyscience.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Dairy Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T03:20:47Z","timestamp":1660274447000},"page":"8401-8410","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Graduate Student Literature Review: Effects of human chorionic gonadotropin on follicular and luteal dynamics and fertility in cattle"],"prefix":"10.3168","volume":"105","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4356-8651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T.O.","family":"Cunha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0452-3207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.P.N.","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1747","reference":[{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib1","first-page":"5071","article-title":"HCG roles in assisted reproductive technology: A review article","volume":"14","author":"Al-Masoody","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eurasian J. Biosci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.135.6.7988470","article-title":"Novel regulation of pregnant human myometrial smooth muscle cell gap junctions by human chorionic gonadotropin","volume":"135","author":"Ambrus","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.073825","article-title":"Role of follicular estradiol-17beta in timing of luteolysis in heifers","volume":"81","author":"Araujo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01728562","article-title":"Hypophysenvorderlappenhormone und ovarialhormone im Harn von Schwangeren","volume":"6","author":"Ascheim","year":"1927","journal-title":"Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.23.2.0462","article-title":"The lutropin\/choriogonadotropin receptor, a 2002 perspective","volume":"23","author":"Ascoli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5739","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2226","article-title":"Genetic parameters for anovulation and pregnancy loss in dairy cattle","volume":"92","author":"Bamber","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod56.5.1158","article-title":"Changes in messenger ribonucleic acid encoding luteinizing hormone receptor, cytochrome P450-side chain cleavage, and aromatase are associated with recruitment and selection of bovine ovarian follicles","volume":"56","author":"Bao","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3413","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72378-5","article-title":"Optimizing ovulation to first GnRH improved outcomes to each hormonal injection of Ovsynch in lactating dairy cows","volume":"89","author":"Bello","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/den359","article-title":"EGF-like growth factors as LH mediators in the human corpus luteum","volume":"24","author":"Ben-Ami","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-16439","article-title":"Association of pregnancy per artificial insemination with gonadotropin-releasing hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin administered during the luteal phase after artificial insemination in dairy cows: A meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"Besbaci","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2515","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-9058","article-title":"Progesterone supplementation to lactating dairy cows without a corpus luteum at initiation of the Ovsynch protocol","volume":"98","author":"Bisinotto","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731114000858","article-title":"Synchronisation of ovulation for management of reproduction in dairy cows","volume":"8","author":"Bisinotto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.1.00190","article-title":"Association between ovarian follicle development and pregnancy rates in dairy cows undergoing spontaneous oestrous cycles","volume":"127","author":"Bleach","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(95)00386-M","article-title":"Alterations in follicular estradiol and gonadotropin receptors during development of bovine antral follicles","volume":"45","author":"Bodensteiner","year":"1996","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2539","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2008-1122","article-title":"Evaluation of human chorionic gonadotropin as a replacement for gonadotropin-releasing hormone in ovulation-synchronization protocols before fixed timed artificial insemination in beef cattle","volume":"86","author":"Burns","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.3168\/jdsc.2020-0024","article-title":"Human chorionic gonadotropin dose response for induction of ovulation 7 days after a synchronized ovulation in lactating Holstein cows","volume":"2","author":"Cabrera","year":"2021","journal-title":"JDS Commun."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8290","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-20274","article-title":"Replacing the first gonadotropin-releasing hormone treatment in an Ovsynch protocol with human chorionic gonadotropin decreased pregnancies per artificial insemination in lactating dairy cows","volume":"104","author":"Cabrera","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4723","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72522-X","article-title":"Survey of management practices on reproductive performance of dairy cattle on large US commercial farms","volume":"89","author":"Caraviello","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046682","article-title":"LH and hCG action on the same receptor results in quantitatively and qualitatively different intracellular signalling","volume":"7","author":"Casarini","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4205","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72466-3","article-title":"Reproduction in dairy cows following progesterone insert presynchronization and resynchronization protocols","volume":"89","author":"Chebel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(75)84632-7","article-title":"Transitory changes in plasma progestins, estradiol, and luteinizing hormone approaching ovulation in the bovine","volume":"58","author":"Chenault","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(76)84366-4","article-title":"Plasma progestins, estradiol, and luteinizing hormone following prostaglandin F2\u03b1 injection","volume":"59","author":"Chenault","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(90)90579-I","article-title":"LH and FSH response of Holstein heifers to fertirelin acetate, gonadorelin and buserelin","volume":"34","author":"Chenault","year":"1990","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-09-0152","article-title":"Progesterone and conceptus elongation in cattle: a direct effect on the embryo or an indirect effect via the endometrium?","volume":"138","author":"Clemente","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2006.11.004","article-title":"Effects of plasma progesterone concentrations on LH release and ovulation in beef cattle given GnRH","volume":"34","author":"Colazo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2021.06.010","article-title":"Effects of GnRH and hCG administration during early luteal phase on estrous cycle length, expression of estrus and fertility in lactating dairy cows","volume":"173","author":"Cunha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-20619","article-title":"Accessory corpus luteum induced by human chorionic gonadotropin on day 7 or days 7 and 13 of the estrous cycle affected follicular and luteal dynamics and luteolysis in lactating Holstein cows","volume":"105","author":"Cunha","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmn036","article-title":"Human choriogonadotrophin protein core and sugar branches heterogeneity: basic and clinical insights","volume":"15","author":"de Medeiros","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioz165","article-title":"Up-regulation of endometrial oxytocin receptor is associated with the timing of luteolysis in heifers with two and three follicular waves","volume":"102","author":"Domingues","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4781","article-title":"Risk factors and effects of postpartum anovulation in dairy cows","volume":"95","author":"Dubuc","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod38.2.413","article-title":"Effect of luteinizing hormone and human chorionic gonadotropin on cell populations in the ovine corpus luteum","volume":"38","author":"Farin","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.108.074336","article-title":"Progesterone-regulated changes in endometrial gene expression contribute to advanced conceptus development in cattle","volume":"81","author":"Forde","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.2527\/1993.7151242x","article-title":"Effect of human chorionic gonadotropin administered early in the estrous cycle on ovulation and subsequent luteal function in cows","volume":"71","author":"Fricke","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4679","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21431","article-title":"The implications of spontaneous versus induced ovulations on the reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows","volume":"105","author":"Fricke","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3781","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-5155","article-title":"Effect of progesterone on magnitude of the luteinizing hormone surge induced by two different doses of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in lactating dairy cows","volume":"95","author":"Giordano","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2013.07.003","article-title":"Effect of increasing GnRH and PGF2\u03b1 dose during Double-Ovsynch on ovulatory response, luteal regression, and fertility of lactating dairy cows","volume":"80","author":"Giordano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(86)90176-7","article-title":"Fertility of dairy cattle treated with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to stimulate progesterone secretion","volume":"26","author":"Helmer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"issue":"E-Suppl","key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E24","DOI":"10.2527\/2004.8213_supplE24x","article-title":"Preovulatory, postovulatory, and postmaternal recognition effects of concentrations of progesterone on embryonic survival in the cow","volume":"82","author":"Inskeep","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1988.663719x","article-title":"Active immunization of heifers against luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin and bovine luteinizing hormone","volume":"66","author":"Johnson","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2010.03.009","article-title":"Effect of hCG vs. GnRH at the beginning of the Ovsynch on first ovulation and conception rates in cyclic lactating dairy cows","volume":"74","author":"Keskin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.2019-037","article-title":"Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-induced ovulation occurs later but with equal occurrence in lactating dairy cows: comparing hCG and gonadotropin-releasing hormone protocols","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00429","article-title":"The development of gonadotropins for clinical use in the treatment of infertility","volume":"10","author":"Lunenfeld","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3652","article-title":"Effects of cloprostenol sodium at final prostaglandin F2\u03b1 of Ovsynch on complete luteolysis and pregnancy per artificial insemination in lactating dairy cows","volume":"94","author":"Martins","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.08.015","article-title":"Associations between milk progesterone concentration on different days and with embryo survival during the early luteal phase in dairy cows","volume":"65","author":"McNeill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-113-1-259","article-title":"Differences in the rates of internalization of 125I-labeled human chorionic gonadotropin, luteinizing hormone, and epidermal growth factor by ovine luteal cells","volume":"113","author":"Mock","year":"1983","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioaa065","article-title":"Interactions of circulating estradiol and progesterone on changes in endometrial area and pituitary responsiveness to GnRH","volume":"103","author":"Motta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5895","article-title":"Effect of treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin on day 5 after timed artificial insemination on fertility of lactating dairy cows","volume":"96","author":"Nascimento","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15588","article-title":"Effect of treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin 7 days after artificial insemination or at the time of embryo transfer on reproductive outcomes in nulliparous Holstein heifers","volume":"102","author":"Niles","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4731(89)90485-8","article-title":"Metabolic fate of human choriogonadotropin","volume":"33","author":"Nisula","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib50","series-title":"Proc. of the 1984 Laurentian Hormone Conference","first-page":"101","article-title":"Regulation of luteal function in domestic ruminants: New concepts","author":"Niswender","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.1.1","article-title":"Mechanisms controlling the function and life span of the corpus luteum","volume":"80","author":"Niswender","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3517","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1768","article-title":"Reproductive status of Holstein and Jersey cows in the United States","volume":"92","author":"Norman","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0860303","article-title":"Ovarian response to hCG treatment during the oestrous cycle in heifers","volume":"86","author":"Price","year":"1989","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(97)75938-1","article-title":"Reproductive management of lactating dairy cows using synchronization of ovulation","volume":"80","author":"Pursley","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(95)00279-H","article-title":"Synchronization of ovulation in dairy cows using PGF2\u03b1 and GnRH","volume":"44","author":"Pursley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1071\/RD11139","article-title":"Effects of human chorionic gonadotrophin administration on day 5 after oestrus on corpus luteum characteristics, circulating progesterone and conceptus elongation in cattle","volume":"24","author":"Rizos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.2527\/2001.79112881x","article-title":"Effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on luteal function and reproductive performance of high-producing lactating Holstein dairy cows","volume":"79","author":"Santos","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8507","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13210","article-title":"Fertility of lactating Holstein cows submitted to a Double-Ovsynch protocol and timed artificial insemination versus artificial insemination after synchronization of estrus at a similar day in milk range","volume":"100","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)73235-X","article-title":"Comparison of ovarian function and circulating steroids in estrous cycles of Holstein heifers and lactating cows","volume":"87","author":"Sartori","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.2527\/1996.7481915x","article-title":"A cellular and endocrine characterization of the original and induced corpus luteum after administration of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist or human chorionic gonadotropin on day five of the estrous cycle","volume":"74","author":"Schmitt","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2650","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1202698","article-title":"Human chorionic gonadotropin as a central regulator of pregnancy immune tolerance","volume":"190","author":"Schumacher","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2008.01133.x","article-title":"Effect of hCG in the presence of hCG antibodies on the follicle, hormone concentrations, and oocyte in mares","volume":"44","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2009.02.016","article-title":"Comparison of gonadorelin products in lactating dairy cows: efficacy based on induction of ovulation of an accessory follicle and circulating luteinizing hormone profiles","volume":"72","author":"Souza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263967X00034091","article-title":"The detection and treatment of post insemination progesterone insufficiency in dairy cows","volume":"26","author":"Starbuck","year":"2001","journal-title":"BSAP Occas. Publ."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dml029","article-title":"The classification, functions and clinical use of different isoforms of HCG","volume":"12","author":"Stenman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(07)72634-6","article-title":"Interventions after artificial insemination: Conception rates, pregnancy survival, and ovarian responses to gonadotropin-releasing hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin, and progesterone","volume":"90","author":"Stevenson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib67","first-page":"787","article-title":"Plasma levels of testosterone in bulls","volume":"88","author":"Sundby","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.2527\/2002.8041053x","article-title":"Relationship of fertility to ovarian follicular waves before breeding in dairy cows","volume":"80","author":"Townson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-14683","article-title":"Reproductive management practices on dairy farms: The Canadian National Dairy Study 2015","volume":"102","author":"Van Schyndel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(99)00195-8","article-title":"Synchronization rate, size of the ovulatory follicle, and pregnancy rate after synchronization of ovulation beginning on different days of the estrous cycle in lactating dairy cows","volume":"52","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"1999","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3462","article-title":"Effects of postbreeding gonadotropin treatments on conception rates of lactating dairy cows subjected to timed artificial insemination or embryo transfer in a tropical environment","volume":"94","author":"Vasconcelos","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731114000585","article-title":"Physiological and practical effects of progesterone on reproduction in dairy cattle","volume":"8","author":"Wiltbank","year":"2014","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod53.4.951","article-title":"Expression of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acids in bovine follicles during the first follicular wave","volume":"53","author":"Xu","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15358","article-title":"Interactions of human chorionic gonadotropin with genotype and parity on fertility responses of lactating dairy cows","volume":"102","author":"Zolini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21991_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5290","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020642","article-title":"Characterization of human chorionic gonadotropin as a novel angiogenic factor","volume":"87","author":"Zygmunt","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."}],"container-title":["Journal of Dairy Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022030222004477?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022030222004477?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022030222004477","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T17:20:50Z","timestamp":1749576050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022030222004477"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022030222004477"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2022-21991","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0302"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0302","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Graduate Student Literature Review: Effects of human chorionic gonadotropin on follicular and luteal dynamics and fertility in cattle","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Dairy Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2022-21991","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}