{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T07:07:25Z","timestamp":1787728045338,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"American Dairy Science Association","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalofdairyscience.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Dairy Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,17]],"date-time":"2025-04-17T10:18:54Z","timestamp":1744885134000},"page":"6161-6173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Genetics of twin birth rate in German Holstein and options for breeding"],"prefix":"10.3168","volume":"108","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9740-171X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"H\u00fcneke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0097-3975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christin","family":"Schmidtmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5956-9355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hatem","family":"Alkhoder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7112-0320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zengting","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7351-530X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dierck","family":"Segelke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Rensing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7605-7148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Heise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"Thaller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1747","reference":[{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.07.027","article-title":"Effects of twinning on the subsequent reproductive performance and productive lifespan of high-producing dairy cows","volume":"78","author":"Andreu-V\u00e1zquez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.05.014","article-title":"Photoperiod length and the estrus synchronization protocol used before AI affect the twin pregnancy rate in dairy cattle","volume":"78","author":"Andreu-V\u00e1zquez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(92)77848-5","article-title":"The economics of naturally occurring twinning in dairy cattle","volume":"75","author":"Beerepoot","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.231.9.1390","article-title":"Effect of twin birth calvings on milk production, reproductive performance, and survival of lactating cows","volume":"231","author":"Bicalho","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib5","unstructured":"BRS (Bundesverband Rind und Schwein e. V.). 2024a. Development of milk recording 2023, Table 4.1, Rinder- und Schweineproduktion in Deutschland und der EU. Bonn, Germany."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib6","unstructured":"BRS (Bundesverband Rind und Schwein e. V.). 2024b. Development of milk recording and distribution of recorded cows by breed 2023, Figure 4.1 and 4.2., Rinder- und Schweineproduktion in Deutschland und der EU. Bonn, Germany."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib7","series-title":"American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference Proceedings","first-page":"300","article-title":"Non-Freemartin rate in Holstein heterosexual twins","author":"Buoen","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020552","article-title":"Economics of twin pregnancies in dairy cattle","volume":"11","author":"Cabrera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7509","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-16536","article-title":"Effect of manipulating progesterone before timed artificial insemination on reproductive and endocrine outcomes in high-producing multiparous Holstein cows","volume":"102","author":"Carvalho","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/35.2.212","article-title":"Heritability of threshold characters","volume":"35","author":"Dempster","year":"1950","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3228","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0209","article-title":"Effects of ovulation rate and fetal number on fertility in twin-producing cattle","volume":"85","author":"Echternkamp","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2527\/1999.77139x","article-title":"Effects of twinning on gestation length, retained placenta, and dystocia","volume":"77","author":"Echternkamp","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3239","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0210","article-title":"Increased calf production in cattle selected for twin ovulations","volume":"85","author":"Echternkamp","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib14","first-page":"21","article-title":"The impact of twinning and stillbirth on reproductive and economic performance in large Hungarian dairy herds","volume":"21","author":"Fodor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Biol. Leiden Neth."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.15232\/S1080-7446(15)31599-0","article-title":"Twinning in Dairy Cattle","volume":"17","author":"Fricke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prof. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(99)00205-8","article-title":"Effect of milk production on the incidence of double ovulation in dairy cows","volume":"52","author":"Fricke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"issue":"Suppl. 4","key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13510","article-title":"Abortion in dairy cattle with advanced twin pregnancies: Incidence and timing","volume":"54","author":"Garcia-Ispierto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3411","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1631","article-title":"Estimation of variance components and genetic trends for twinning rate in Holstein dairy cattle of Iran","volume":"92","author":"Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1982.5451079x","article-title":"Theory and analysis of threshold characters","volume":"54","author":"Gianola","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib20","series-title":"ASReml User Guide Release 4.1 Structural Specification","author":"Gilmour","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(97)00041-9","article-title":"Economic values in dairy cattle breeding, with special reference to functional traits. Report of an EAAP-working group","volume":"49","author":"Groen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-22205","article-title":"Changes in genetic trends in US dairy cattle since the implementation of genomic selection","volume":"106","author":"Guinan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib23","first-page":"209","article-title":"Aktuelle genetische und ph\u00e4notypische Trends in der deutschen Milchrinderzucht","volume":"95","author":"H\u00fcneke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zuchtungskunde"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(01)74653-X","article-title":"Twinning rates for North American Holstein sires","volume":"84","author":"Johanson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5223.1974.tb01443.x","article-title":"Causes of variation in the frequency of monozygous and dizygous twinning in various breeds of cattle","volume":"78","author":"Johansson","year":"1974","journal-title":"Hereditas"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(98)75659-0","article-title":"Risk factors for twinning in dairy cows","volume":"81","author":"Kinsel","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"issue":"E-Suppl. 2","key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E14","DOI":"10.2527\/animalsci2002.80E-Suppl_2E14x","article-title":"Management of twinning cow herds","volume":"80","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25236","article-title":"A genomic analysis of twinning rate and its relationship with other reproductive traits in Holstein-Friesian cattle","volume":"108","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4307","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13660","article-title":"Short communication: Heritability of twinning rate in Holstein cattle","volume":"101","author":"Lett","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5833","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-7924","article-title":"A single-step genomic model with direct estimation of marker effects","volume":"97","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(05)72958-1","article-title":"Relationship between level of milk production and multiple ovulations in lactating dairy cows","volume":"88","author":"Lopez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2017.01.001","article-title":"The dilemma of twin pregnancies in dairy cattle. A review of practical prospects","volume":"197","author":"L\u00f3pez-Gatius","year":"2017","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.3390\/ani8050062","article-title":"Update on multiple ovulations in dairy cattle","volume":"8","author":"Macmillan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10505","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-14410","article-title":"Level of circulating concentrations of progesterone during ovulatory follicle development affects timing of pregnancy loss in lactating dairy cows","volume":"101","author":"Martins","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12236","article-title":"Genetic analysis of twinning rate and milk yield using a threshold-linear model in Japanese Holsteins","volume":"86","author":"Masuda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030843","article-title":"Genomic Prediction for Twin Pregnancies","volume":"11","author":"McGovern","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10251","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-12968","article-title":"A 100-Year Review: Identification and genetic selection of economically important traits in dairy cattle","volume":"100","author":"Miglior","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731117000283","article-title":"Genetic parameters and genome-wide associations of twinning rate in a local breed, the Maremmana cattle","volume":"11","author":"Moioli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.21608\/jvmr.2009.77813","article-title":"Effect of twin vs. single births on gestation length, reproductive performance, dystocia, calf survival rate and culling in Holstein cows","volume":"19","author":"Mostafa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Veterinary Medical Research"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8335","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-14400","article-title":"An economic evaluation of management strategies to mitigate the negative effect of twinning in dairy herds","volume":"101","author":"Mur-Novales","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib41","first-page":"232","article-title":"Effect of twinning on calving ease and viability of calves","volume":"2024","author":"Neamt","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lucr. Stiint. Zooteh. Biotehnol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(89)90473-1","article-title":"Twinning in dairy cattle: A study of risk factors and effects","volume":"32","author":"Nielen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9686-22-3-349","article-title":"Genetic analysis of twinning rate in Israeli Holstein cattle","volume":"22","author":"Ron","year":"1990","journal-title":"Genet. Sel. Evol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5047","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19421","article-title":"A retrospective study investigating the association of parity, breed, calving month and year, and previous parity milk yield and calving interval with twin births in US dairy cows","volume":"104","author":"Schambow","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.04.013","article-title":"Observed frequency of monozygotic twinning in Holstein dairy cattle","volume":"66","author":"Silva del R\u00edo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(07)71614-4","article-title":"An observational analysis of twin births, calf sex ratio, and calf mortality in Holstein dairy cattle","volume":"90","author":"Silva del R\u00edo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5542","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0475","article-title":"Factors influencing upfront single- and multiple-ovulation incidence, progesterone, and luteolysis before a timed insemination resynchronization protocol","volume":"90","author":"Stevenson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.2527\/1998.7682048x","article-title":"Bayesian analysis of twinning and ovulation rates using a multiple-trait threshold model and Gibbs sampling","volume":"76","author":"Van Tassell","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.2527\/1996.743522x","article-title":"Genetic trend and environmental effects in a population of cattle selected for twinning","volume":"74","author":"Van Vleck","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3213","DOI":"10.2527\/1991.6983213x","article-title":"Ovulation rate and twinning rate in cattle: Heritabilites and genetic correlation","volume":"69","author":"Van Vleck","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib51","author":"VIT (Vereinigte Informationssysteme Tierhaltung w.V.)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0915","article-title":"Detection of quantitative trait loci affecting twinning rate in Israeli Holsteins by the daughter design","volume":"91","author":"Weller","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12711-021-00650-1","article-title":"A major QTL at the LHCGR\/FSHR locus for multiple birth in Holstein cattle","volume":"53","author":"Widmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genet. Sel. Evol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1994.204.10.1672","article-title":"Diagnosis of freemartinism in cattle: The need for clinical and cytogenic evaluation","volume":"204","author":"Zhang","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."}],"container-title":["Journal of Dairy Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022030225002413?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022030225002413?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,23]],"date-time":"2025-05-23T17:00:56Z","timestamp":1748019656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022030225002413"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022030225002413"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2024-25972","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0302"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0302","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Genetics of twin birth rate in German Holstein and options for breeding","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Dairy Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2024-25972","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s).","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}