{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T08:21:33Z","timestamp":1778055693255,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"American Dairy Science Association","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024703","name":"Australasian Association for Theatre, Drama and Performance Studies","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024703","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalofdairyscience.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Dairy Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T16:07:16Z","timestamp":1766074036000},"page":"2429-2443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Energy metabolism of lactating dairy cows fed 2 formaldehyde- and formic acid\u2013treated forages with 2 nonstructural carbohydrate sources"],"prefix":"10.3168","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0666-8808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David P.","family":"Casper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1747","reference":[{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5118","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-16767","article-title":"Lactation response of early-lactation Holstein cows fed starch or floury corn silage","volume":"103","author":"Acharya","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib2","series-title":"Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching","author":"ADSA-ASAS-PSA","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib3","series-title":"Lactation and the mammary gland","author":"Akers","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib4","series-title":"ASTM standard for bomb calorimetry and combustion. Designation: methods D 2015\u201377(1978). Standard test method for gross calorific value of solid fuel by the adiabatic bomb calorimeter","author":"American Society for Testing and Materials","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(91)78437-3","article-title":"Net energy for lactation of calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids for cows fed silage-based diets","volume":"74","author":"Andrew","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib6","series-title":"Official Methods of Analysis","author":"AOAC International","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E9","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(05)73133-7","article-title":"Nitrogen metabolism in the rumen","volume":"88","author":"Bach","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(89)79250-X","article-title":"Composition and flavor of milk produced by cows injected with recombinant bovine somatotropin","volume":"72","author":"Baer","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7122","article-title":"Methane production, digestion, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen balance, and milk production of cows fed corn silage-or barley silage-based diets","volume":"97","author":"Benchaar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(89)79452-2","article-title":"Effects of photoperiod and pair-feeding on lactation of cows fed corn or barley grain in total mixed rations","volume":"72","author":"Bilodeau","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib11","first-page":"441","article-title":"Report of sub-committee on constants and factors. Proc. 3rd Energy Symposium","volume":"11","author":"Brouwer","year":"1965","journal-title":"Eur. Assoc. Anim. Prod."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74100-3","article-title":"Milk synthetic response of the bovine mammary gland to an increase in the local concentration of arterial glucose","volume":"85","author":"Cant","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(99)75408-1","article-title":"Synchronization of carbohydrate and protein sources on fermentation and passage rates in dairy cows","volume":"82","author":"Casper","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib14","first-page":"407","article-title":"Feed efficiency of lactating dairy cows is related to dietary energy density","volume":"90","author":"Casper","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(89)79186-4","article-title":"Lactational response of dairy cows to diets varying in ruminal solubilities of carbohydrate and crude protein","volume":"72","author":"Casper","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(90)78763-2","article-title":"Response of early lactation dairy cows fed diets varying in source of nonstructural carbohydrate and crude protein","volume":"73","author":"Casper","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)70047-8","article-title":"Lactation performance of Holstein cows fed fescue, orchardgrass, or alfalfa silage","volume":"87","author":"Cherney","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2304","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(92)77992-2","article-title":"Microbial protein synthesis and flows of nitrogen fractions to the duodenum of dairy cows","volume":"75","author":"Clark","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(85)81064-X","article-title":"Effects of feeding corn or barley on composition of milk and diet digestibility","volume":"68","author":"DePeters","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8846","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-9465","article-title":"Effects of diet forage production on maintenance energy requirement and the efficiency of metabolizable energy use for lactation by lactating dairy cows","volume":"98","author":"Dong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib21","series-title":"Proc. 2nd Symp. Energy Metab. Wageningen, the Netherlands. Eur. Assoc. Anim. Prod","first-page":"39","article-title":"Formulae for computation of open circuit indirect calorimeter data with electronic data processing equipment","author":"Flatt","year":"1961"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib22","first-page":"53","article-title":"A description of the energy metabolism laboratory at the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Center in Beltsville Maryland","volume":"8","author":"Flatt","year":"1958","journal-title":"Eur. Assoc. Anim. Prod. Publ."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10751","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25264","article-title":"Ruminal passage rate and digestibility of fiber from dairy cows consuming diets containing alfalfa and orchardgrass hays with different concentrations of undegradable neutral detergent fiber","volume":"107","author":"Galyon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1989.672513x","article-title":"Duodenal nutrient flow and digestibility in Holstein steers fed formaldehyde and formic acid treated alfalfa or orchardgrass silage at two intakes","volume":"67","author":"Glenn","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(92)77753-4","article-title":"Evaluation of corn and barley as energy sources for cows in early lactation fed alfalfa-based diets","volume":"75","author":"Grings","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/92.1.42","article-title":"Analysis of starch, including maltooligosaccharides, in animal feeds: Comparison of methods and a recommend method for AOAC collaborative study","volume":"92","author":"Hall","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-22219","article-title":"Invited review: Corrected milk: Reconsideration of common equations and milk energy estimates","volume":"106","author":"Hall","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6463","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8069","article-title":"Methane production, nutrient digestion, ruminal fermentation, N balance, and milk production of cows fed timothy silage\u2013 or alfalfa silage\u2013based diets","volume":"97","author":"Hassanat","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.2527\/1993.7192516x","article-title":"Effect of synchronization of energy and nitrogen supply on ruminal characteristics and microbial growth","volume":"71","author":"Henning","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(94)77199-X","article-title":"Effects of alfalfa and orchard grass on digestion by dairy cows","volume":"77","author":"Holden","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6655","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13536","article-title":"Symposium review: Uncertainties in enteric methane inventories, measurement techniques and prediction models","volume":"101","author":"Hristov","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1988.6651292x","article-title":"Net absorption and oxygen consumption by Holstein steers fed alfalfa or orchardgrass silage at two equalized intakes","volume":"66","author":"Huntington","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2002.9706360","article-title":"Orchardgrass versus alfalfa for lactating dairy cattle: Production, digestibility, and nitrogen balance","volume":"21","author":"Jonker","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3269","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-5021","article-title":"Nutrient demand interacts with forage family to affect digestion responses in dairy cows","volume":"95","author":"Kammes","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3288","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-5022","article-title":"Rates of particle size reduction and passage are faster for legume compared with cool-season grass, resulting in lower rumen fill and less effective fiber","volume":"95","author":"Kammes","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(79)83411-6","article-title":"Voluntary intake and digestibility of legume and grass diets fed to lactating and growing wethers","volume":"62","author":"Kilmer","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731110001795","article-title":"Enteric and manure-derived methane and nitrogen emissions as well as metabolic energy losses in cows fed balanced diets based on maize, barley, or grass hay","volume":"5","author":"Klevenhusen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.4141\/cjps95-143","article-title":"Variation in starch, protein, and fibre of Canadian barley cultivars","volume":"75","author":"Kong","year":"1995","journal-title":"Can. J. Plant Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(86)80373-3","article-title":"Body composition of lactating and dry Holstein cows estimated by deuterium dilution","volume":"69","author":"Martin","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(89)79324-3","article-title":"Effects of source of protein and carbohydrate on ruminal fermentation and passage of nutrients to the small intestine of lactating cows","volume":"72","author":"McCarthy","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib41","series-title":"Forages: The Science of Grassland Agriculture","first-page":"609","article-title":"Chapter 34: Digestibility and intake","volume":"Vol. II","author":"Mertens","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7139","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-12482","article-title":"Wheat is a more potent than corn or barley for dietary mitigation of enteric methane emissions from dairy cows","volume":"100","author":"Moate","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(79)83465-7","article-title":"Methane production in dairy cows","volume":"62","author":"Moe","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12471","article-title":"Prediction enteric methane emissions from cattle","volume":"20","author":"Moraes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(92)77748-0","article-title":"Effect of formic acid or formaldehyde treatment of alfalfa silage on nutrient utilization by dairy cows","volume":"75","author":"Nagel","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(89)79193-1","article-title":"High amounts of soyhulls for pelleted concentrate diets","volume":"72","author":"Nakamura","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib47","series-title":"Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle","author":"NASEM (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine)","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib48","series-title":"Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle","author":"NRC","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib49","series-title":"Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle","author":"NRC","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(95)76824-2","article-title":"Ruminal fermentation and passage of nutrients to the duodenum of lactating cows fed mixtures of corn and barley","volume":"78","author":"Overton","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7116","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-12584","article-title":"Estimating the energetic cost of feeding excess dietary nitrogen to dairy cows","volume":"100","author":"Reed","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas88-050","article-title":"Effect of amount and length of alfalfa hay in diets containing corn or barley on site of digestion and ruminal microbial protein synthesis in dairy cows","volume":"68","author":"Rode","year":"1988","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(96)76573-6","article-title":"Abomasal infusion of cis or trans fatty acid isomers and energy metabolism of lactating dairy cows","volume":"79","author":"Romo","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5411","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1877","article-title":"Chromium supplementation and substitution of barley grain with corn: Effects on performance and lactation in periparturient dairy cows","volume":"92","author":"Sadri","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(72)85636-4","article-title":"Relationships of forage composition with rates of cell wall digestion and indigestibility of cell walls","volume":"55","author":"Smith","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib56","series-title":"Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach","author":"Steel","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003356100017517","article-title":"Milk production from silage 3. A comparison of red clover with grass silage","volume":"41","author":"Thomas","year":"1985","journal-title":"Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029900023852","article-title":"Yield and composition of milk from Friesian cows grazing either perennial ryegrass or while clover in early lactation","volume":"52","author":"Thomson","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(01)74546-8","article-title":"Effects of brow midrib corn silage on the energy balance of dairy cattle","volume":"84","author":"Tine","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(74)84913-1","article-title":"Net energy value of a corn and a barley ration for lactation","volume":"57","author":"Tyrrell","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3163","DOI":"10.2527\/1992.70103163x","article-title":"Utilization of energy and nitrogen by yearling Holstein cattle fed direct-cut alfalfa or orchardgrass ensiled with formic acid plus formaldehyde","volume":"70","author":"Tyrrell","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3780","DOI":"10.2527\/1990.68113780x","article-title":"Utilization of nitrogen and energy by Holstein steers fed f formaldehyde and formic acid treated alfalfa or orchardgrass silage at two intakes","volume":"68","author":"Varga","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(77)83870-8","article-title":"Potential of chemical preservation and improvement of forages","volume":"60","author":"Waldo","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(86)80446-5","article-title":"Effect of forage quality on intake and forage-concentrate interactions","volume":"69","author":"Waldo","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3792","DOI":"10.2527\/1990.68113792x","article-title":"Energy components of growth in Holstein steers fed formaldehyde and formic-acid treated alfalfa or orchardgrass silages at equalized intakes of dry matter","volume":"68","author":"Waldo","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(95)76805-9","article-title":"Full lactation response of cows fed diets with different sources and amounts of fiber and ruminal degradable protein","volume":"78","author":"Weiss","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(91)78359-8","article-title":"Value of orchardgrass and alfalfa silages fed with varying amounts of concentration to dairy cows","volume":"74","author":"Weiss","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2487","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(97)76201-5","article-title":"Energy and nitrogen balance in lactating cows fed diets containing dry or high moisture corn in either rolled or ground form","volume":"80","author":"Wilkerson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(95)76869-2","article-title":"The prediction of methane production of Holstein cows by several equations","volume":"78","author":"Wilkerson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26996_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10010059","article-title":"Combining orchardgrass and alfalfa: Effects of forage ratios on in vitro rumen degradation and fermentation characteristics of silage compared with hay","volume":"10","author":"Xue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Dairy Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022030225010306?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022030225010306?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T08:03:58Z","timestamp":1778054638000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022030225010306"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022030225010306"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2025-26996","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0302"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0302","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Energy metabolism of lactating dairy cows fed 2 formaldehyde- and formic acid\u2013treated forages with 2 nonstructural carbohydrate sources","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Dairy Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2025-26996","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s).","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}