{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:59:17Z","timestamp":1790805557503,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"American Dairy Science Association","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"USDA NIFA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024114","name":"DeLaval International AB","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024114","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalofdairyscience.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Dairy Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:24:44Z","timestamp":1772497484000},"page":"5611-5624","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Delaying postpartum separation by 3, 5, or 7 days compared with immediate separation: A pilot study on production and health indicators in Holstein cows and their calves"],"prefix":"10.3168","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0926-6679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie","family":"Callero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0513-1782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthias","family":"Wieland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0629-6395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace","family":"Frederick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5989-0229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trent","family":"Westhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1806-1154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine","family":"Mann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1747","reference":[{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib1","series-title":"Metals and other elements in plants (985.01). Official Methods of Analysis","author":"AOAC International","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(98)75706-6","article-title":"The effect of enhanced milk yield of dairy cows by frequent milking or suckling on intake and digestibility of the diet","volume":"81","author":"Bar-Peled","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5784","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15603","article-title":"Invited review: A systematic review of the effects of early separation on dairy cow and calf health","volume":"102","author":"Beaver","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7769","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-23148","article-title":"Shaping cow-calf contact systems: Farmers' motivations and considerations behind a range of different cow-calf contact systems","volume":"106","author":"Bertelsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(98)75654-1","article-title":"Oxytocin release and milk removal in ruminants","volume":"81","author":"Bruckmaier","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029901005015","article-title":"Milk ejection in dairy cows at different degrees of udder filling","volume":"68","author":"Bruckmaier","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1017\/S002202990002714X","article-title":"Aetiology of disturbed milk ejection in parturient primiparous cows","volume":"59","author":"Bruckmaier","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174013","article-title":"American and German attitudes towards cow-calf separation on dairy farms","volume":"12","author":"Busch","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib9","series-title":"Proc. American Association of Bovine Practitioners Annual Conference","first-page":"158","article-title":"Predictors of stillbirth for cows moved to calving pens when calving is imminent","author":"Carrier","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6991","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7494","article-title":"Effect of feeding colostrum at different volumes and subsequent number of transition milk feeds on the serum immunoglobulin G concentration and health status of dairy calves","volume":"97","author":"Conneely","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5065","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7517","article-title":"Bovine colostrum: Changes in lipid constituents in the first 5 days after parturition","volume":"97","author":"Contarini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2023-23840","article-title":"Perspective: Prolonged cow-calf contact\u2014A dilemma or simply another step in the evolution of the dairy industry?","volume":"107","author":"Cook","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0504","article-title":"Effects of twice-daily nursing on milk ejection and milk yield during nursing and milking in dairy cows","volume":"91","author":"de Passill\u00e9","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6477","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-16219","article-title":"Decreased milk yield is associated with delayed milk ejection","volume":"102","author":"Erskine","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.15232\/aas.2019-01887","article-title":"Invited Review: Nutritional regulation of gut function in dairy calves: From colostrum to weaning","volume":"35","author":"Fischer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3683","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17357","article-title":"Oligosaccharide concentrations in colostrum, transition milk, and mature milk of primi- and multiparous Holstein cows during the first week of lactation","volume":"103","author":"Fischer-Tlustos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1591(00)00164-7","article-title":"Effects of early separation on the dairy cow and calf: 2. Separation at 1 day and 2 weeks after birth","volume":"70","author":"Flower","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-006-4418-0","article-title":"Effect of restricted suckling on milk yield, milk composition and udder health in cows and behaviour and weight gain in calves, in dual-purpose cattle in the tropics","volume":"39","author":"Fr\u00f6berg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2010.04.002","article-title":"Effect of residual calf suckling on clinical and sub-clinical infections of mastitis in dual-purpose cows: Epidemiological measurements","volume":"89","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Sedano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4150","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11933","article-title":"Citizens' views on the practices of zero-grazing and cow-calf separation in the dairy industry: Does providing information increase acceptability?","volume":"100","author":"H\u00f6tzel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2024.105502","article-title":"Performance in dairy cows and calves with or without cow-calf contact on pasture","volume":"285","author":"Johanssen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2015.11.011","article-title":"Is rearing calves with the dam a feasible option for dairy farms? Current and future research","volume":"181","author":"Johnsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"issue":"S1","key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029920000473","article-title":"A framework for the socio-economic evaluation of rearing systems of dairy calves with or without cow contact","volume":"87","author":"Knierim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7611","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17955","article-title":"Consensus recommendations on calf- and herd-level passive immunity in dairy calves in the United States","volume":"103","author":"Lombard","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib26","series-title":"Proc. American Association of Bovine Practitioners Conference","first-page":"132","article-title":"The cow-calf separation debate: Implications for bovine practitioners","author":"Mann","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9384","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-18619","article-title":"Heat treatment of bovine colostrum: II. Effects on calf serum immunoglobulin, insulin, and IGF-I concentrations, and the serum proteome","volume":"103","author":"Mann","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2023.02.004","article-title":"Hyperketonemia: A marker of disease, a sign of a high-producing dairy cow, or both?","volume":"39","author":"Mann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2023.02.009","article-title":"Considerations in the diagnosis and treatment of early lactation calcium disturbances","volume":"39","author":"McArt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2025.101541","article-title":"Effect of weaning and cow-calf contact on the physiological and clinical health, performance, and behaviour of dairy cows and their calves","volume":"19","author":"McPherson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2024.101222","article-title":"A preliminary study on the feasibility of two different cow-calf contact systems in a pasture-based, seasonal calving dairy system: Effects on cow production and health","volume":"18","author":"McPherson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5765","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-16021","article-title":"A systematic review of the effects of prolonged cow-calf contact on behavior, welfare, and productivity","volume":"102","author":"Meagher","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2009.08.006","article-title":"Effect of restricted suckling on milk yield, composition and flow, udder health, and postpartum anoestrus in grazing Holstein cows","volume":"127","author":"Mendoza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-6226(87)90007-8","article-title":"Productivity aspects of keeping dairy cow and calf together in the post-partum period","volume":"16","author":"Metz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.3168\/jdsc.2023-0374","article-title":"Environmental and biological factors that influence feeding behavior of Holstein calves in automated milk feeding systems","volume":"4","author":"Montes","year":"2023","journal-title":"JDS Commun."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib36","series-title":"Dairy 2014: Health and Management Practices on U.S. Dairy Operations. Report 3","author":"NAHMS (National Animal Health Monitoring System)","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s13165-020-00321-3","article-title":"Public attitude towards cow-calf separation and other common practices of calf rearing in dairy farming\u2014A review","volume":"11","author":"Placzek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Org. Agric."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7483","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2024-24829","article-title":"Invited Review: An evaluation of EFSA opinion on calf welfare from a nutritional and management perspective","volume":"107","author":"Quigley","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7185","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2023-24424","article-title":"Dam-calf contact rearing in Switzerland: Aspects of management and milking","volume":"107","author":"Rell","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib40","series-title":"Calf Health Scoring Chart","author":"University of Wisconsin","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib41","author":"Urbaniak"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6105","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-6040","article-title":"Views on contentious practices in dairy farming: The case of early cow-calf separation","volume":"96","author":"Ventura","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72283-4","article-title":"Effects of continuous versus periodic milk availability on behavior and performance of dairy calves","volume":"89","author":"von Keyserlingk","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5954","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26405","article-title":"Effects of high-volume voluntary feed consumption on growth and health of Brown Swiss calves: Continued dam's milk feeding versus early introduction of milk replacer during the first week of life","volume":"108","author":"Vorndran","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1071\/AN16680","article-title":"Public concerns about dairy-cow welfare: How should the industry respond?","volume":"57","author":"Weary","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.855086","article-title":"Effect of type of cow-calf contact on health, blood parameters, and performance of dairy cows and calves","volume":"9","author":"Wenker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10882","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25026","article-title":"Pre- and postpartum metabolizable protein supply: I. Effects on feed intake, lactation performance, and metabolic markers in transition dairy cows","volume":"107","author":"Westhoff","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4874","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-22447","article-title":"Epidemiology of bovine colostrum production in New York Holstein herds: Cow, management, and environmental factors","volume":"106","author":"Westhoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib49","article-title":"Vacuum dynamics as an alternative method for detection of bimodal milk ejection in dairy cows","volume":"11","author":"Wieland","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6936","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21761","article-title":"Risk factors for delayed milk ejection in Holstein dairy cows milked 3 times per day","volume":"105","author":"Wieland","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27640_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2018.05.002","article-title":"Responses of dams versus non-nursing cows to machine milking in terms of milk performance, behaviour and heart rate with and without additional acoustic, olfactory or manual stimulation","volume":"204","author":"Zipp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Dairy Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022030226001694?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022030226001694?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:26:46Z","timestamp":1790803606000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022030226001694"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022030226001694"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2025-27640","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0302"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0302","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Delaying postpartum separation by 3, 5, or 7 days compared with immediate separation: A pilot study on production and health indicators in Holstein cows and their calves","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Dairy Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2025-27640","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s).","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}