{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T19:12:48Z","timestamp":1785784368891,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"American Dairy Science Association","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022-67015-36197"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-67015-36197"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007015","name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A006518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A006518"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100032211","name":"Ajinomoto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100032211","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalofdairyscience.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Dairy Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T15:50:10Z","timestamp":1771084210000},"page":"3942-3956","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Insulinemic energy and amino acids supplied postruminally independently regulate the performance and metabolism of peak-lactation dairy cows"],"prefix":"10.3168","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"M.A.","family":"Killerby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.M.","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.E.","family":"Ruh-Etteldorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Pszczolkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Hoppmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Cohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.A.C.","family":"Danes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.I.","family":"Arriola Apelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1747","reference":[{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib1","series-title":"Lactation and the Mammary Gland","first-page":"88","article-title":"Milk component biosynthesis","author":"Akers","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib2","series-title":"Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International","first-page":"28","article-title":"Official method 973.18. Fiber (acid detergent) and lignin in animal feed","author":"AOAC","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib3","series-title":"Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International","first-page":"48","article-title":"AOAC official method 2002.04. Amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber in feeds, using refluxing in beakers or crucibles","author":"AOAC","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib4","series-title":"AOAC official method 990.03. Protein (crude) in animal feed, combustion method. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International","author":"AOAC","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3442","article-title":"Effects of jugular-infused lysine, methionine, and branched-chain amino acids on milk protein synthesis in high-producing dairy cows","volume":"94","author":"Appuhamy","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.152595","article-title":"Isoleucine and leucine independently regulate mTOR signaling and protein synthesis in MAC-T cells and bovine mammary tissue slices","volume":"142","author":"Appuhamy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(01)74496-7","article-title":"Effect of site and source of energy supplementation on milk yield in dairy cows","volume":"84","author":"Arieli","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4000","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7392","article-title":"Invited review: Current representation and future trends of predicting amino acid utilization in the lactating dairy cow","volume":"97","author":"Arriola Apelo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7348","article-title":"Isoleucine, leucine, methionine, and threonine effects on mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in mammary tissue","volume":"97","author":"Arriola Apelo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib10","series-title":"Ruminant Physiology: Digestion, Metabolism, Growth and Reproduction","first-page":"311","article-title":"Regulation of nutrient partitioning during lactation: Homeostasis and homeorhesis revisited","author":"Bauman","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9861(70)90028-7","article-title":"Pathways of fatty acid synthesis and reducing equivalent generation in mammary gland of rat, sow, and cow","volume":"140","author":"Bauman","year":"1970","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2015.07.001","article-title":"Insulin: Pancreatic secretion and adipocyte regulation","volume":"54","author":"Baumgard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib13","series-title":"Amino Acid Metabolism","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chapter 1: Nitrogen metabolism","author":"Bender","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(00)74939-3","article-title":"Amino acid exchange by the mammary gland of lactating goats when histidine limits milk production","volume":"83","author":"Bequette","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(01)74474-8","article-title":"Insulin regulates milk production and mammary gland and hind-leg amino acid fluxes and blood flow in lactating goats","volume":"84","author":"Bequette","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731110000911","article-title":"Strategies for optimizing nitrogen use by ruminants","volume":"4","author":"Calsamiglia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2022.100573","article-title":"Review: Influence of postabsorptive metabolism on essential amino acid partitioning in lactating dairy cows","volume":"16","author":"Cant","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4172","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72462-6","article-title":"Short communication: Regulation of milk fat yield and fatty acid composition by insulin","volume":"89","author":"Corl","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4542","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13236","article-title":"Maintenance of plasma branched-chain amino acid concentrations during glucose infusion directs essential amino acids to extra-mammary tissues in lactating dairy cows","volume":"101","author":"Curtis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8016","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21777","article-title":"Models to predict milk fat concentration and yield of lactating dairy cows: A meta-analysis","volume":"105","author":"Daley","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6218","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-18086","article-title":"Post-ruminal supplies of glucose and casein, but not acetate, stimulate milk protein synthesis in dairy cows through differential effects on mammary metabolism","volume":"103","author":"Danes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E880","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00517.2001","article-title":"Stimulation of protein synthesis by both insulin and amino acids is unique to skeletal muscle in neonatal pigs","volume":"282","author":"Davis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib23","series-title":"Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition in Sustainable Animal Production: 4th International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition Sacramento, CA","first-page":"47","article-title":"Challenges in ruminant nutrition: Towards minimal nitrogen losses in cattle","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7846","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-9819","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acid and lysine deficiencies exert different effects on mammary translational regulation","volume":"98","author":"Doelman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib25","series-title":"DHI Glossary","author":"DRMS","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.5.1261","article-title":"Intestinal protein supply alters amino acid, but not glucose, metabolism by the sheep gastrointestinal tract","volume":"136","author":"El-Kadi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-27-11-1600","article-title":"A difference in mechanism by which leucine and other amino acids induce insulin release","volume":"27","author":"Fajans","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)51640-9","article-title":"Studies on the metabolism of adipose tissue. Xv. An evaluation of the major pathways of glucose catabolism as influenced by insulin and epinephrine","volume":"239","author":"Flatt","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib29","series-title":"Progressive Dairy","first-page":"6","article-title":"Feed prices","author":"French","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.098962","article-title":"The neurotransmitters glycine and GABA stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 release from the GLUTag cell line","volume":"569","author":"Gameiro","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1949","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-0072","article-title":"Distinguishing features of leucine and alpha-ketoisocaproate sensing in pancreatic beta-cells","volume":"144","author":"Gao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(97)76187-3","article-title":"The role of insulin in the regulation of milk protein synthesis in dairy cows","volume":"80","author":"Griinari","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.15-012","article-title":"Determination of dietary starch in animal feeds and pet food by an enzymatic-colorimetric method: Collaborative study","volume":"98","author":"Hall","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3385","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(98)75903-X","article-title":"An evaluation of postabsorptive protein and amino acid metabolism in the lactating dairy cow","volume":"81","author":"Hanigan","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114522001544","article-title":"Isoleucine stimulates mTOR and SREBP-1c gene expression for milk synthesis in mammary epithelial cells through BRG1-mediated chromatin remodelling","volume":"129","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.3168\/jdsc.2024-0546","article-title":"Fast and reliable method for analysis of derivatized plasma amino acids by liquid chromatography-single quadrupole-mass spectrometry","volume":"5","author":"Hoppmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"JDS Commun."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4141\/CJAS10034","article-title":"Review: Ammonia emissions from dairy farms and beef feedlots","volume":"91","author":"Hristov","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2023-23447","article-title":"Valine and nonessential amino acids affect bidirectional transport rates of leucine and isoleucine in bovine mammary epithelial cells","volume":"107","author":"Hruby Weston","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3222","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1352","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the effects of dietary protein concentration and degradability on milk protein yield and milk N efficiency in dairy cows","volume":"92","author":"Huhtanen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0010(199909)79:12<1703::AID-JSFA424>3.0.CO;2-5","article-title":"Determination of the first-limiting amino acid for milk production in dairy cows consuming a diet of grass silage and a cereal-based supplement containing feather meal","volume":"79","author":"Kim","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74071-X","article-title":"Evaluation of models to estimate urinary nitrogen and expected milk urea nitrogen","volume":"85","author":"Kohn","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2307\/2985758","article-title":"Analysis of variance of a Latin square design with missing observations","volume":"9","author":"Kramer","year":"1960","journal-title":"Appl. Stat."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s87","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731119003173","article-title":"Review: Impact of protein and energy supply on the fate of amino acids from absorption to milk protein in dairy cows","volume":"14","author":"Lapierre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5253","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5366","article-title":"Effects of metabolizable protein supply and amino acid supplementation on nitrogen utilization, milk production, and ammonia emissions from manure in dairy cows","volume":"95","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib45","series-title":"How does increasing protein supply or glucogenic nutrients modify mammary metabolism in lactating dairy cows? In EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition","author":"Lemosquet","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6068","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2018","article-title":"Whole-body glucose metabolism and mammary energetic nutrient metabolism in lactating dairy cows receiving digestive infusions of casein and propionic acid","volume":"92","author":"Lemosquet","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2854","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(97)76250-7","article-title":"Effects of a duodenal glucose infusion on the relationship between plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin in dairy cows","volume":"80","author":"Lemosquet","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib48","article-title":"Genetics, environmental stress, and amino acid supplementation affect lactational performance via mTOR signaling pathway in bovine mammary epithelial cells","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11567","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19566","article-title":"Importance of considering body weight change in response to dietary protein deficiency in lactating dairy cows","volume":"104","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(00)74860-0","article-title":"Effects of insulin and postruminal supply of protein on use of amino acids by the mammary gland for milk protein synthesis","volume":"83","author":"Mackle","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.29.6.431","article-title":"The stimulus-secretion coupling of amino acid-induced insulin release: Metabolism and cationic effects of leucine","volume":"29","author":"Malaisse","year":"1980","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8053","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11813","article-title":"Relationships between postruminal casein infusion and milk production, and concentrations of plasma amino acids and blood urea in dairy cows: A multilevel mixed-effects meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Martineau","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib53","series-title":"Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition in Sustainable Animal Production: 4th International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition. Sacramento, CA","first-page":"443","article-title":"Contribution of amino acids to glucose and lactose synthesis in lactating dairy cows","author":"Maxin","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1510349","article-title":"Mechanisms of amino acid-induced insulin secretion from the glucose-responsive BRIN-BD11 pancreatic B-cell line","volume":"151","author":"McClenaghan","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5668","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17319","article-title":"Symposium review: One-carbon metabolism and methyl donor nutrition in the dairy cow","volume":"103","author":"McFadden","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.20825","article-title":"Role of amino acids in translational mechanisms governing milk protein synthesis in murine and ruminant mammary epithelial cells","volume":"98","author":"Moshel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.128421","article-title":"Leucine supplementation of a low-protein meal increases skeletal muscle and visceral tissue protein synthesis in neonatal pigs by stimulating mTOR-dependent translation initiation","volume":"140","author":"Murgas Torrazza","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib58","series-title":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","article-title":"Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle","author":"NASEM","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.17.1.159","article-title":"Regulation of milk lipid secretion and composition","volume":"17","author":"Neville","year":"1997","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0351180","article-title":"Amino acid metabolism, insulin secretion and diabetes","volume":"35","author":"Newsholme","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7150","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-16285","article-title":"Mammary gland metabolite utilization in response to exogenous glucose or long-chain fatty acids at low and high metabolizable protein levels","volume":"102","author":"Nichols","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7150","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-16285","article-title":"Mammary gland metabolite utilization in response to exogenous glucose or long-chain fatty acids at low and high metabolizable protein levels","volume":"102","author":"Nichols","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-020-00456-z","article-title":"Impact of post-ruminally infused macronutrients on bovine mammary gland expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis, energy metabolism, and protein synthesis measured in RNA isolated from milk fat","volume":"11","author":"Nichols","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7354","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21576","article-title":"Essential amino acid profile of supplemental metabolizable protein affects mammary gland metabolism and whole-body glucose kinetics in dairy cattle","volume":"105","author":"Nichols","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15249","article-title":"Energy and nitrogen partitioning in dairy cows at low or high metabolizable protein levels is affected differently by postrumen glucogenic and lipogenic substrates","volume":"102","author":"Nichols","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15125","article-title":"Mammary gland utilization of amino acids and energy metabolites differs when dairy cow rations are isoenergetically supplemented with protein and fat","volume":"102","author":"Nichols","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17249","article-title":"Postruminal infusions of amino acids or glucose affect metabolisms of splanchnic, mammary, and other peripheral tissues and drive amino acid use in dairy cows","volume":"103","author":"Omphalius","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2693","article-title":"Effect of rumen-protected methionine on feed intake, milk production, true milk protein concentration, and true milk protein yield, and the factors that influence these effects: A meta-analysis","volume":"93","author":"Patton","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2008.07.007","article-title":"SREBP activity is regulated by mTORC1 and contributes to Akt-dependent cell growth","volume":"8","author":"Porstmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2010.03.007","article-title":"Nitrogen use efficiency: A potential performance indicator and policy tool for dairy farms","volume":"13","author":"Powell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-020-00514-6","article-title":"The market for amino acids: Understanding supply and demand of substrate for more efficient milk protein synthesis","volume":"11","author":"Pszczolkowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11988","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-18920","article-title":"Insulin potentiates essential amino acids effects on mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling in MAC-T cells","volume":"103","author":"Pszczolkowski","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4340","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72481-X","article-title":"Effect of casein and propionate supply on mammary protein metabolism in lactating dairy cows","volume":"89","author":"Raggio","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)73603-0","article-title":"Lactational effect of propionic acid and duodenal glucose in cows","volume":"86","author":"Rigout","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74337-3","article-title":"Duodenal infusion of glucose decreases milk fat production in grass silage-fed dairy cows","volume":"85","author":"Rigout","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74113-1","article-title":"Duodenal glucose increases glucose fluxes and lactose synthesis in grass silage-fed dairy cows","volume":"85","author":"Rigout","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3114","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2743","article-title":"Regulation of protein synthesis in mammary glands of lactating dairy cows by starch and amino acids","volume":"93","author":"Rius","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12020170","article-title":"A gas chromatography mass spectrometry-based method for the quantification of short chain fatty acids","volume":"12","author":"Rohde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022029906001841","article-title":"Effects of graded levels of duodenal infusions of leucine on mammary uptake and output in lactating dairy cows","volume":"73","author":"Rulquin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Res."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)73173-2","article-title":"Infusion of glucose directs circulating amino acids to the mammary gland in well-fed dairy cows","volume":"87","author":"Rulquin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(76)84354-8","article-title":"Response of lactating dairy cows to abomasal infusion of amino acids","volume":"59","author":"Schwab","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(76)84155-0","article-title":"Cellular gluconeogenesis by lactating bovine mammary tissue","volume":"59","author":"Scott","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-20950","article-title":"Effects of branched-chain amino acids on glucose uptake and lactose synthesis rates in bovine mammary epithelial cells and lactating mammary tissue slices","volume":"105","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.245001","article-title":"Acetate dose-dependently stimulates milk fat synthesis in lactating dairy cows","volume":"147","author":"Urrutia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3260","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)73929-0","article-title":"Effects of casein and glucose on responses of cows fed diets based on restrictively fermented grass silage","volume":"86","author":"Vanhatalo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5011","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1769","article-title":"Meta-analysis of milk protein yield responses to lysine and methionine supplementation","volume":"92","author":"Vyas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-023-00927-z","article-title":"The biological functions and metabolic pathways of valine in swine","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72288-3","article-title":"Responses to amino acid imbalances and deficiencies in lactating dairy cows","volume":"89","author":"Weekes","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17082","article-title":"Effects of jugular infused methionine, lysine, and histidine as a group or leucine and isoleucine as a group on production and metabolism in lactating dairy cows","volume":"103","author":"Yoder","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27767_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7085","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8220","article-title":"Meta-analysis of lactation performance in dairy cows receiving supplemental dietary methionine sources or postruminal infusion of methionine","volume":"97","author":"Zanton","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Dairy Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022030226001244?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022030226001244?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T08:52:45Z","timestamp":1780649565000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022030226001244"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022030226001244"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2025-27767","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0302"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0302","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Insulinemic energy and amino acids supplied postruminally independently regulate the performance and metabolism of peak-lactation dairy cows","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Dairy Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2025-27767","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}