{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:56:08Z","timestamp":1790805368496,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"American Dairy Science Association","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019771","name":"European Union&apos;s Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza [PNRR]\\u2014Missione 4 Componente 2, Investimento 1.4\\u2014D.D. 1032 17\/06\/2022, CN00000022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza [PNRR]\\u2014Missione 4 Componente 2, Investimento 1.4\\u2014D.D. 1032 17\/06\/2022, CN00000022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalofdairyscience.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Dairy Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T23:23:15Z","timestamp":1780960995000},"page":"10983-11008","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Real-time milk traits and wearable sensor\u2013derived rumination and feeding behaviors for assessing heat stress effects in dairy cattle"],"prefix":"10.3168","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9983-1784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucio F.M.","family":"Mota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9172-6461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme J.M.","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3004-3365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Evangelista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8126-3042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umberto","family":"Bernabucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2088-2744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Lacetera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7896-012X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcello","family":"Mele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1644-1911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erminio","family":"Trevisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1277-7821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fiorenzo","family":"Piccioli-Cappelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5819-0922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz F.","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2975-0385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Giannuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6390-9826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Pegolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8908-5105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Gallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5539-8947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Schiavon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7212-3023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alon","family":"Arazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gil","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3518-720X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Cecchinato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1747","reference":[{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(00)75019-3","article-title":"Effects of daily gain in pre- and postpubertal replacement dairy heifers on body condition score, body size, metabolic profile, and future milk production","volume":"83","author":"Abeni","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14081169","article-title":"The impacts of heat stress on rumination, drinking, and locomotory behavior, as registered by innovative technologies, and acid\u2013base balance in fresh multiparous dairy cows","volume":"14","author":"Antanaitis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(94)77149-6","article-title":"Heat stress interaction with shade and cooling","volume":"77","author":"Armstrong","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1974.54.1.160","article-title":"Control of feed intake and regulation of energy balance in ruminants","volume":"54","author":"Baile","year":"1974","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10353","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13242","article-title":"A 100-Year Review: Regulation of nutrient partitioning to support lactation","volume":"100","author":"Baumgard","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-4675","article-title":"Ruminant Nutrition Symposium: Ruminant production and metabolic responses to heat stress","volume":"90","author":"Baumgard","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-031412-103644","article-title":"Effects of heat stress on postabsorptive metabolism and energetics","volume":"1","author":"Baumgard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5620","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4462","article-title":"Postabsorptive carbohydrate adaptations to heat stress and monensin supplementation in lactating Holstein cows","volume":"94","author":"Baumgard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6751","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17929","article-title":"Invited review: Physiological and behavioral effects of heat stress in dairy cows","volume":"103","author":"Becker","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13092","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69915-x","article-title":"Ruminal volatile fatty acid absorption is affected by elevated ambient temperature","volume":"10","author":"Bedford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.2527\/2005.8361377x","article-title":"Estimates of heat stress relief needs for Holstein dairy cows","volume":"83","author":"Berman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(99)75316-6","article-title":"Influence of short- and long-term exposure to a hot environment on rumen passage rate and diet digestibility by Friesian heifers","volume":"82","author":"Bernabucci","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8788","article-title":"Effect of summer season on milk protein fractions in Holstein cows","volume":"98","author":"Bernabucci","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-6611","article-title":"The effects of heat stress in Italian Holstein dairy cattle","volume":"97","author":"Bernabucci","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1017\/S175173111000090X","article-title":"Metabolic and hormonal acclimation to heat stress in domesticated ruminants","volume":"4","author":"Bernabucci","year":"2010","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1051\/animres:2002006","article-title":"Effects of the hot season on milk protein fractions in Holstein cows","volume":"51","author":"Bernabucci","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anim. Res."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731114000032","article-title":"Seasonal variations in the composition of Holstein cow's milk and temperature\u2013humidity index relationship","volume":"8","author":"Bertocchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15070945","article-title":"Influence of heat stress on milk production, milk quality, and somatic cell count in Galicia (NW Spain)","volume":"15","author":"Besteiro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-513","article-title":"Temperature-humidity indices as indicators of milk production losses due to heat stress","volume":"90","author":"Bohmanova","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3026","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14203026","article-title":"Impact of heat stress on milk yield, milk fat-to-protein ratio, and conception rate in Thai\u2013Holstein dairy cattle: A phenotypic and genetic perspective","volume":"14","author":"Boonkum","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018046112532","article-title":"Stacked regressions","volume":"24","author":"Breiman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mach. Learn."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1198697","article-title":"Impact of heat stress on dairy cattle and selection strategies for thermotolerance: A review","volume":"10","author":"Cartwright","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1071\/AN19398","article-title":"Heat stress effects in primiparous and multiparous lactating crossbred cows under a warm environment and their responses to a cooling treatment","volume":"61","author":"Castro-Montoya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-021-02167-0","article-title":"Negative relationship between dry matter intake and the temperature-humidity index with increasing heat stress in cattle: A global meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Chang-Fung-Martel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3207","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2023-24059","article-title":"Effects of heat stress on feed intake, milk yield, milk composition, and feed efficiency in dairy cows: A meta-analysis","volume":"107","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7233","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19607","article-title":"Relationships between energy balance during early lactation and cow performance, blood metabolites, and fertility: A meta-analysis of individual cow data","volume":"104","author":"Civiero","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1093\/af\/vfy031","article-title":"Heat stress: Physiology of acclimation and adaptation","volume":"9","author":"Collier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Front."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72193-2","article-title":"Major advances associated with environmental effects on dairy cattle","volume":"89","author":"Collier","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10367","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13676","article-title":"A 100-Year Review: Stress physiology including heat stress","volume":"100","author":"Collier","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8442","article-title":"Immediate and residual effects of heat stress and restricted intake on milk protein and casein composition and energy metabolism","volume":"98","author":"Cowley","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8587","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-18381","article-title":"Methods for assessing heat stress in preweaned dairy calves exposed to chronic heat stress or continuous cooling","volume":"103","author":"Dado-Senn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(85)80926-7","article-title":"Mammary blood flow and regulation of substrate supply for milk synthesis","volume":"68","author":"Davis","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8601","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-18417","article-title":"The effect of chronic, mild heat stress on metabolic changes of nutrition and adaptations in rumen papillae of lactating dairy cows","volume":"103","author":"Eslamizad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9473(01)00065-2","article-title":"Stochastic gradient boosting","volume":"38","author":"Friedman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comput. Stat. Data Anal."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5040","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11913","article-title":"The effects of heat stress on protein metabolism in lactating Holstein cows","volume":"100","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1071\/AN16472","article-title":"Responses of dairy cows to short-term heat stress in controlled-climate chambers","volume":"57","author":"Garner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12162031","article-title":"Effects of heat stress in dairy cows offered diets containing either wheat or corn grain during late lactation","volume":"12","author":"Garner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3451","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13223451","article-title":"Review of the heat stress-induced responses in dairy cattle","volume":"13","author":"Giannone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3707","article-title":"Performance and metabolic profile of dairy cows during a lactational and deliberately induced negative energy balance with subsequent realimentation","volume":"94","author":"Gross","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.2527\/1995.7392820x","article-title":"Impact of changes in organic nutrient metabolism on feeding the transition dairy cow","volume":"73","author":"Grummer","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030726","article-title":"Impacts of heat stress-induced oxidative stress on the milk protein biosynthesis of dairy cows","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1121499","article-title":"Heat stress effects on milk yield traits and metabolites and mitigation strategies for dairy cattle breeds reared in tropical and sub-tropical countries","volume":"10","author":"Habimana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1914","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14131914","article-title":"Heat stress effects on physiological and milk yield traits of lactating Holstein Friesian crossbreds reared in Tanga Region, Tanzania","volume":"14","author":"Habimana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2017.1333892","article-title":"Relationship between THI level and dairy cows' behaviour during summer period","volume":"17","author":"Herbut","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.200810425","article-title":"Simultaneous inference in general parametric models","volume":"50","author":"Hothorn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biom. J."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.70013","article-title":"Effects of heat stress on predicted energy balance, fat-to-protein ratio, and milk \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate in first-lactation Holstein cattle in Hokkaido, Japan","volume":"95","author":"Ishida","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2946","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13182946","article-title":"Impact of climate change and heat stress on milk production in Korean Holstein cows: A large-scale data analysis","volume":"13","author":"Jeon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(01)00330-X","article-title":"Heat stress in lactating dairy cows: A review","volume":"77","author":"Kadzere","year":"2002","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib49","article-title":"Heat stress: Effects on rumen microbes and host physiology, and strategies to alleviate the negative impacts on lactating dairy cows","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20286","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c03879","article-title":"Novel perspective on molecular and cellular adaptations of the mammary gland-regulating milk constituents and immunity of heat-stressed dairy cows","volume":"72","author":"Koch","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2707","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17459","article-title":"Short communication: Upper critical temperature-humidity index for dairy calves based on physiological stress variables","volume":"103","author":"Kov\u00e1cs","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2022.e119","article-title":"Negative association between high temperature-humidity index and milk performance and quality in Korean dairy system: Big data analysis","volume":"65","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12040512","article-title":"Dairy cow behavior is affected by period, time of day and housing","volume":"12","author":"Leliveld","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v069.i01","article-title":"Least-squares means: The R package lsmeans","volume":"69","author":"Lenth","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2024.101089","article-title":"Effect of extended heat stress in dairy cows on productive and behavioral traits","volume":"18","author":"Lovarelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2021.102917","article-title":"Modelling THI effects on milk production and lactation curve parameters of Holstein dairy cows","volume":"99","author":"M'Hamdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1582884","article-title":"Acclimatization response to a short-term heat wave during summer in lactating Brown Swiss and Holstein Friesian cows","volume":"12","author":"Maggiolino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2021.800680","article-title":"Effect of heat waves on some Italian Brown Swiss dairy cows' production patterns","volume":"2","author":"Maggiolino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1882","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25298","article-title":"Effects of heat stress abatement on behavioral response in lactating dairy cows prior to and following an intramammary lipopolysaccharide infusion","volume":"108","author":"Marins","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2021.100222","article-title":"Modeling heat stress effects on dairy cattle milk production in a tropical environment using test-day records and random regression models","volume":"15","author":"Mbuthia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2022.946592","article-title":"Cooling temperature humidity index-days as a heat load indicator for milk production traits","volume":"3","author":"Mbuthia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25498","article-title":"Heat stress affects milk yield, milk quality, and gene expression profiles in mammary cells of Girolando cows","volume":"108","author":"Mendonca","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-023-02510-7","article-title":"Temperature\u2013humidity index monitoring during two summer seasons in dairy cow sheds in Mugello (Tuscany)","volume":"67","author":"Messeri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.3168\/jdsc.2024-0651","article-title":"Breeding for improved heat tolerance in dairy cattle: Methods, challenges, and progress","volume":"6","author":"Misztal","year":"2025","journal-title":"JDS Commun."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4042","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-22640","article-title":"How heat stress conditions affect milk yield, composition, and price in Italian Holstein herds","volume":"106","author":"Moore","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4237","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-21426","article-title":"Real-time milk analysis integrated with stacking ensemble learning as a tool for the daily prediction of cheese-making traits in Holstein cattle","volume":"105","author":"Mota","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2019.102484","article-title":"Daily rumination time of lactating dairy cows under heat stress conditions","volume":"88","author":"M\u00fcschner-Siemens","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2010.02.011","article-title":"Effects of climate changes on animal production and sustainability of livestock systems","volume":"130","author":"Nardone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib69","series-title":"Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle","author":"NASEM (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine)","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00021","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2013.00021","article-title":"Gradient boosting machines, a tutorial","volume":"7","author":"Natekin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Neurorobot."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-022-03092-z","article-title":"The effect of high temperature and humidity on milk yield in Ankole and crossbred cows","volume":"54","author":"Niyonzima","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib72","series-title":"A Guide to Environmental Research on Animals","author":"NRC (National Research Council)","year":"1971"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15020249","article-title":"Heat stress in dairy cows: Impacts, identification, and mitigation strategies\u2014A review","volume":"15","author":"Oliveira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2021.706636","article-title":"Critical temperature-humidity index thresholds for dry cows in a subtropical climate","volume":"2","author":"Ouellet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib75","author":"Owen"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2020.102523","article-title":"Critical THI thresholds based on the physiological parameters of lactating dairy cows","volume":"88","author":"Pinto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8645","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-12651","article-title":"Invited review: Effects of heat stress on dairy cattle welfare","volume":"100","author":"Polsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082305","article-title":"Dairy cows activity under heat stress: A case study in Spain","volume":"11","author":"Ram\u00f3n-Moragues","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3092","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74396-8","article-title":"Effect of heat stress on nonreturn rate in Holstein cows: Genetic analyses","volume":"85","author":"Ravagnolo","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2022.106784","article-title":"The impact of environmental and nutritional stresses on milk fat synthesis in dairy cows","volume":"83","author":"Razzaghi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731111002448","article-title":"Adaptation to hot climate and strategies to alleviate heat stress in livestock production","volume":"6","author":"Renaudeau","year":"2012","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1641","article-title":"Effects of heat stress and plane of nutrition on lactating Holstein cows: I. Production, metabolism, and aspects of circulating somatotropin","volume":"92","author":"Rhoads","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1986.6251434x","article-title":"Heat production of cattle acclimated to cold, thermoneutrality and heat when exposed to thermoneutrality and heat stress","volume":"62","author":"Robinson","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-024-02633-5","article-title":"Effect of heat stress during the dry period on milk yield and reproductive performance of Holstein cows","volume":"68","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Godina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/323533a0","article-title":"Learning representations by back-propagating errors","volume":"323","author":"Rumelhart","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10050793","article-title":"Nutritional physiology and biochemistry of dairy cattle under the influence of heat stress: Consequences and opportunities","volume":"10","author":"Sammad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4035","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1626","article-title":"Genetic determination of the onset of heat stress on daily milk production in the US Holstein cattle","volume":"92","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1699(00)00131-9","article-title":"Near infrared spectrometry of milk in its heterogeneous state","volume":"29","author":"Schmilovitch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"issue":"s2","key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s431","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731118001945","article-title":"Review: Adaptation of animals to heat stress","volume":"12","author":"Sejian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-9936(89)85073-3","article-title":"A program for calculating Mahalanobis distances using principal component analysis","volume":"8","author":"Shah","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trends Analyt. Chem."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1496","article-title":"Effects of a supplemental yeast culture on heat-stressed lactating Holstein cows","volume":"92","author":"Shwartz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6793-9-13","article-title":"Acute heat stress brings down milk secretion in dairy cows by up-regulating the activity of the milk-borne negative feedback regulatory system","volume":"9","author":"Silanikove","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Physiol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5082","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-6620","article-title":"Rumination time during the summer season and its relationships with metabolic conditions and milk production","volume":"96","author":"Soriani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-20535","article-title":"Meta-analysis of rumination behavior and its relationship with milk and milk fat production, rumen pH, and total-tract digestibility in lactating dairy cows","volume":"105","author":"Souza","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2023-23804","article-title":"The effect of heat stress on performance, fertility, and adipokines involved in regulating systemic immune response during lipolysis of early lactating dairy cows","volume":"107","author":"Stefanska","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1071\/AN22334","article-title":"Impact of heat stress on dairy cow rumination, milking frequency, milk yield and quality in a pasture-based automatic milking system","volume":"64","author":"Talukder","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5811","article-title":"Short communication: Effect of heat stress during the dry period on gene expression in mammary tissue and peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"96","author":"Tao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2022.105208","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of milk fat synthesis in dairy cattle","volume":"96","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25392","article-title":"Stage-specific milk yield losses and associated sweating, respiration, and rectal temperature responses under varying temperature-humidity index thresholds in lactating and dry cows","volume":"108","author":"Tu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3053","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-020-05172-3","article-title":"Super ensemble learning for daily streamflow forecasting: Large-scale demonstration and comparison with multiple machine learning algorithms","volume":"33","author":"Tyralis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3781","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2127","article-title":"Seasonal pattern of mortality and relationships between mortality and temperature-humidity index in dairy cows","volume":"92","author":"Vitali","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2298\/VETGL1002053V","article-title":"Effect of heat stress on vital signs in high-yield dairy cows","volume":"64","author":"Vujanac","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Glas."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-020-00485-8","article-title":"Heat stress on calves and heifers: A review","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)73803-X","article-title":"Effects of heat-stress on production in dairy cattle","volume":"86","author":"West","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)73602-9","article-title":"Effects of hot, humid weather on milk temperature, dry matter intake, and milk yield of lactating dairy cows","volume":"86","author":"West","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib106","series-title":"Developmental Plasticity and Evolution","author":"West-Eberhard","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2295","article-title":"Effects of heat stress on energetic metabolism in lactating Holstein cows","volume":"93","author":"Wheelock","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2023.100887","article-title":"Behavioral and physiological responses to an inspired-air supplemental cooling system for dairy cows in free-stall housing","volume":"17","author":"Wilson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-6080(05)80023-1","article-title":"Stacked generalization","volume":"5","author":"Wolpert","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib110","series-title":"Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R","author":"Wood","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2016.1180986","article-title":"Smoothing parameter and model selection for general smooth models","volume":"111","author":"Wood","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib112","first-page":"1381","article-title":"Using collar-based algorithm to estimate individual feed intake and efficiency in commercial farms","volume":"108","author":"Yair","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2021.103041","article-title":"The effects of cow-related factors on rectal temperature, respiration rate, and temperature-humidity index thresholds for lactating cows exposed to heat stress","volume":"100","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Therm. Biol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-024-01050-3","article-title":"Heat stress affects mammary metabolism by influencing the plasma flow to the glands","volume":"15","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2022.09.010","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a thermoregulatory model for predicting thermal responses of dairy cows","volume":"223","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28072_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2005.00503.x","article-title":"Regularization and variable selection via the elastic net","volume":"67","author":"Zou","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Series B Stat. Methodol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Dairy Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022030226029097?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022030226029097?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T20:59:40Z","timestamp":1790801980000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022030226029097"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":116,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022030226029097"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2025-28072","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0302"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0302","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Real-time milk traits and wearable sensor\u2013derived rumination and feeding behaviors for assessing heat stress effects in dairy cattle","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Dairy Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2025-28072","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s).","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}