{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:59:13Z","timestamp":1792083553950,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"American Dairy Science Association","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalofdairyscience.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Dairy Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T23:47:21Z","timestamp":1775260041000},"page":"7170-7185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dynamics of culling risk of Holstein cows in US organic dairy herds"],"prefix":"10.3168","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0512-8359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhuwan","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7111-3377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo J.","family":"Pinedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7009-4079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajesh","family":"Neupane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Valeris-Chacin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5212-3817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan M.","family":"Pi\u00f1eiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6388-921X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sushil","family":"Paudyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1747","reference":[{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3483","article-title":"Culling reasons in organic and conventional dairy herds and genotype by environment interaction for longevity","volume":"94","author":"Ahlman","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2021.104582","article-title":"The effect of cow longevity on dynamic productivity growth of dairy farming","volume":"250","author":"Ali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15152232","article-title":"Longevity and culling reasons in dairy herds in southern Brazil","volume":"15","author":"Almeida","year":"2025","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-018-0399-z","article-title":"Descriptive study for culling and mortality in five high-producing Spanish dairy cattle farms (2006\u20132016)","volume":"60","author":"Armengol","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244825","article-title":"Association between age at first calving and lactation performance, lactation curve, calving interval, calf birth weight, and dystocia in Holstein dairy cows","volume":"16","author":"Atashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(98)75810-2","article-title":"A summary of the reasons why farmers cull cows","volume":"81","author":"Bascom","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib7","author":"Block"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1369","article-title":"Quarter and cow risk factors associated with the occurrence of clinical mastitis in dairy cows in the United Kingdom","volume":"92","author":"Breen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib9","author":"CDCB (Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib10","author":"CDCB (Council on Dairy Cattle Breeding)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5111","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19777","article-title":"Invited review: The future of selection decisions and breeding programs: What are we breeding for, and who decides?","volume":"104","author":"Cole","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4184","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11847","article-title":"Economic trade-offs between genetic improvement and longevity in dairy cattle","volume":"100","author":"De Vries","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3838","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17361","article-title":"Symposium review: Why revisit dairy cattle productive lifespan?","volume":"103","author":"De Vries","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s155","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731119003264","article-title":"Review: Overview of factors affecting productive lifespan of dairy cows","volume":"14","author":"De Vries","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3155","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(05)72999-4","article-title":"Trends and seasonality of reproductive performance in Florida and Georgia dairy herds from 1976 to 2002","volume":"88","author":"De Vries","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4630","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1337","article-title":"Mortality, culling by sixty days in milk, and production profiles in high- and low-survival Pennsylvania herds","volume":"91","author":"Dechow","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.09.020","article-title":"The effect of sire selection on cow mortality and early lactation culling in adverse and favorable cow survival environments","volume":"103","author":"Dechow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2700","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(98)75827-8","article-title":"Genetic and phenotypic parameters for 305-day yield, fertility, and survival in Holsteins","volume":"81","author":"Dematawewa","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19153","article-title":"Effect of subclinical mastitis detected in the first month of lactation on somatic cell count linear scores, milk yield, fertility, and culling of dairy cows in certified organic herds","volume":"104","author":"Fernandes","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8161","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-18138","article-title":"Distribution of seasonality of calving patterns and milk production in dairy herds across the United States","volume":"103","author":"Ferreira","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72257-3","article-title":"Invited review: Culling: Nomenclature, definitions, and recommendations","volume":"89","author":"Fetrow","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2009.05.014","article-title":"Organic dairy farming in Norway under the 100% organically produced feed requirement","volume":"126","author":"Flaten","year":"2009","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8323","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10093","article-title":"Short communication: Pre-and postmilking anatomical characteristics of teats and their associations with risk of clinical mastitis in dairy cows","volume":"99","author":"Guar\u00edn","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib24","author":"Hadfield"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72300-1","article-title":"Dairy cattle culling patterns, explanations, and implications","volume":"89","author":"Hadley","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2006.03.022","article-title":"Neutrophil function and energy status in Holstein cows with uterine health disorders","volume":"113","author":"Hammon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8380","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-20330","article-title":"Invited review: The influence of immune activation on transition cow health and performance\u2014A critical evaluation of traditional dogmas","volume":"104","author":"Horst","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E104","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)74043-0","article-title":"Effects of heat stress on reproduction","volume":"86","author":"Jordan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(04)73272-5","article-title":"Systematic clinical examinations for identification of latent udder health types in Danish dairy herds","volume":"87","author":"Klaas","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72195-6","article-title":"Major advances in disease prevention in dairy cattle","volume":"89","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/aepp.13080","article-title":"Beef cattle markets and COVID-19","volume":"43","author":"Martinez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Econ. Perspect. Policy"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0440","article-title":"Evaluation of factors associated with increased dairy cow mortality on United States dairy operations","volume":"91","author":"McConnel","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5877(88)90036-0","article-title":"Descriptive epidemiology of culling in dairy cows from 34 herds in New York State","volume":"6","author":"Milian-Suazo","year":"1988","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3710","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0943","article-title":"Death losses for lactating cows in herds enrolled in dairy herd improvement test plans","volume":"91","author":"Miller","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2792","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11102792","article-title":"Effect of calving difficulties and calf mortality on functional longevity in Polish Holstein-Friesian cows","volume":"11","author":"Morek-Kope\u0107","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib36","author":"Norman"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib37","first-page":"11","article-title":"Genetic gains in lifetime merit indexes during the use of three genetic evaluation methods","volume":"57","author":"Norman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Interbull Bull."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib38","author":"Norman"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6167","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2260","article-title":"Dystocia, stillbirth, gestation length, and birth weight in Holstein, Jersey, and reciprocal crosses from a planned experiment","volume":"92","author":"Olson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3509","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-22808","article-title":"Dairy cow longevity: Impact of animal health and farmers\u2019 investment decisions","volume":"106","author":"Owusu-Sekyere","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8885","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-20119","article-title":"Associations between dry period length and time to culling and pregnancy in the subsequent lactation","volume":"104","author":"Pattamanont","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7685","article-title":"Dynamics of culling for Jersey, Holstein, and Jersey \u00d7 Holstein crossbred cows in large multibreed dairy herds","volume":"97","author":"Pinedo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2572","article-title":"Dynamics of culling risk with disposal codes reported by Dairy Herd Improvement dairy herds","volume":"93","author":"Pinedo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.15232\/aas.2019-01863","article-title":"Invited review: Unique reproductive challenges for certified organic dairy herds","volume":"35","author":"Pinedo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9656","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2024-24652","article-title":"Reasons for disposal and cull cow value of Holstein cows compared with Holstein, Jersey, Montb\u00e9liarde, Normande, and Viking Red crossbred cows","volume":"107","author":"Portner","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.128153","article-title":"Environmental assessment of United States dairy farms","volume":"315","author":"Rotz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(07)71644-2","article-title":"A total merit selection index for Ontario organic dairy farmers","volume":"90","author":"Rozzi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"issue":"suppl_13","key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2008-1217","article-title":"Management of mastitis on organic and conventional dairy farms","volume":"87","author":"Ruegg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19043","article-title":"Invited review: Academic and applied approach to evaluating longevity in dairy cows","volume":"103","author":"Schuster","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4401","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8513","article-title":"Cow- and herd-level risk factors for on-farm mortality in Midwest US dairy herds","volume":"98","author":"Shahid","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3734","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25767","article-title":"Organic dairy cattle longevity and economic implications\u2014Contemporary perspectives","volume":"108","author":"Shrestha","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(00)75198-8","article-title":"Effect of region, herd size, and milk production on reasons cows leave the herd","volume":"83","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5845","article-title":"Assessment of herd management on organic and conventional dairy farms in the United States","volume":"96","author":"Stiglbauer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2023.105359","article-title":"Recording of culling reasons in Danish dairy cows","volume":"278","author":"Thomsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib55","author":"Tranel"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib56","author":"USDA-AMS-NOP"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(72)85747-3","article-title":"Association of type traits with reasons for disposal","volume":"55","author":"Van Vleck","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4127","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-6440","article-title":"Risk factors for postpartum problems in dairy cows: Explanatory and predictive modeling","volume":"97","author":"Vergara","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3781","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2127","article-title":"Seasonal pattern of mortality and relationships between mortality and temperature-humidity index in dairy cows","volume":"92","author":"Vitali","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.646672","article-title":"An empirical analysis on the longevity of dairy cows in relation to economic herd performance","volume":"8","author":"Vredenberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2006.05.004","article-title":"Differences between primiparous and multiparous dairy cows in the inter-relationships between metabolic traits, milk yield and body condition score in the periparturient period","volume":"33","author":"Wathes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2006.08.010","article-title":"Prospects for improving reproductive performance through genetic selection","volume":"96","author":"Weigel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2025-28205_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1071\/AN20195","article-title":"Analysis of culling reasons and age at culling in Australian dairy cattle","volume":"61","author":"Workie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Dairy Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022030226003346?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022030226003346?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:28:00Z","timestamp":1792081680000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022030226003346"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S0022030226003346"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2025-28205","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0302"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0302","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Dynamics of culling risk of Holstein cows in US organic dairy herds","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Dairy Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2025-28205","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s).","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}