{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T21:19:53Z","timestamp":1787779193612,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"American Dairy Science Association","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003500","name":"University of Padua","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003500","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalofdairyscience.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Dairy Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T15:52:29Z","timestamp":1787673149000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multiple birth in Austrian Holsteins: genetic parameters and impacts on calving, health, fertility, and milk production traits"],"prefix":"10.3168","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0065-9001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.S.","family":"Katende","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5353-8988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9418-9710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Santinello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9713-3376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Fuerst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9984-8738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Penasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5937-0060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G.","family":"M\u00e9sz\u00e1ros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4336-5830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B.","family":"Fuerst-Waltl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1747","reference":[{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1111\/jbg.12813","article-title":"Genome-wide association studies for epistatic genetic effects on fertility and reproduction traits in Holstein cattle","volume":"140","author":"Alves","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anim. Breed. Genet."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.07.027","article-title":"Effects of twinning on the subsequent reproductive performance and productive lifespan of high-producing dairy cows","volume":"78","author":"Andreu-V\u00e1zquez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib3","first-page":"226","article-title":"Effect of twinning and stillbirth on the shape of lactation curve in Holstein dairy cows of Iran","volume":"55","author":"Atashi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Tierzucht"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3641","article-title":"Calving difficulty in dairy cows has a longer effect on saleable milk yield than on estimated milk production","volume":"94","author":"Barrier","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2006.11.014","article-title":"Effect of twinning on the feed intake, performance and health of dairy cows","volume":"107","author":"Bell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4201","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0023","article-title":"Body condition score and body weight effects on dystocia and stillbirths and consequent effects on postcalving performance","volume":"90","author":"Berry","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731114000743","article-title":"Genetics and genomics of reproductive performances in dairy and beef cattle","volume":"8","author":"Berry","year":"2014","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.231.9.1390","article-title":"Effect of twin birth calvings on milk production, reproductive performance, and survival of lactating cows","volume":"231","author":"Bicalho","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2007.11.006","article-title":"Stillbirth parturition reduces milk production in Holstein cows","volume":"84","author":"Bicalho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.3168\/jdsc.2025-0875","article-title":"Development of a health subindex for genetic selection of bulls and cows in Canadian dairy operations","volume":"7","author":"Bjelland","year":"2026","journal-title":"JDS Commun."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4429","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-22616","article-title":"Effect of transition cow health and estrous expression detected by an automated activity monitoring system within 60 days in milk on reproductive performance of lactating Holstein cows","volume":"106","author":"Bretzinger","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020552","article-title":"Economics of twin pregnancies in dairy cattle","volume":"11","author":"Cabrera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3168\/jdsc.2024-0576","article-title":"Genetic and nongenetic variation of multiple births in Austrian dual-purpose cows","volume":"6","author":"Caccin","year":"2025","journal-title":"JDS Commun."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3439","article-title":"Cow-level and herd-level risk factors for subclinical endometritis in lactating Holstein cows","volume":"94","author":"Cheong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib16","article-title":"Changes over time in the genetic parameters of milk production and functional traits in a Holstein population","volume":"11","author":"Chuma-Alvarez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cogent Food Agric."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(03)00126-2","article-title":"Heat stress and seasonal effects on reproduction in the dairy cow \u2013 A review","volume":"60","author":"De Rensis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2573","article-title":"Reproductive risk factors for culling and productive life in large dairy herds in the eastern United States between 2001 and 2006","volume":"93","author":"De Vries","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9686-44-23","article-title":"Evaluating alternate models to estimate genetic parameters of calving traits in United Kingdom Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle","volume":"44","author":"Eaglen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genet. Sel. Evol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3239","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0210","article-title":"Increased calf production in cattle selected for twin ovulations","volume":"85","author":"Echternkamp","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.15407\/animbiol21.02.021","article-title":"The impact of twinning and stillbirth on reproductive and economic performance in large Hungarian dairy herds","volume":"21","author":"Fodor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Biol. Leiden Neth."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.15232\/S1080-7446(15)31599-0","article-title":"Twinning in Dairy Cattle","volume":"17","author":"Fricke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Prof. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74268-9","article-title":"Scanning the future \u2013 ultrasonography as a reproductive management tool for dairy cattle","volume":"85","author":"Fricke","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib24","author":"F\u00fcrst"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/jbg.12828","article-title":"Genetic evaluation of gestation length in Italian Holstein breed","volume":"141","author":"Galluzzo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anim. Breed. Genet."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3995","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1519061113","article-title":"Changes in genetic selection differentials and generation intervals in US Holstein dairy cattle as a result of genomic selection","volume":"113","author":"Garc\u00eda-Ruiz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/jbg.12274","article-title":"Genetic relationships among female fertility disorders, female fertility traits and productivity of Holstein dairy cows in the early lactation period","volume":"134","author":"Gernand","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anim. Breed. Genet."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-011-9479-5","article-title":"Cow-specific risk factors for retained placenta, metritis and clinical mastitis in Holstein cows","volume":"35","author":"Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3411","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1631","article-title":"Estimation of variance components and genetic trends for twinning rate in Holstein dairy cattle of Iran","volume":"92","author":"Ghavi Hossein-Zadeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib30","article-title":"Risk factors associated to retained placenta in Holstein cows","volume":"47","author":"Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Vet."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib31","author":"Graves"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci12040353","article-title":"Twinning in Italian Holstein cows: a retrospective study on risk factors and its associations with milk production, fertility, and survival","volume":"12","author":"Guadagnini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1807","article-title":"Calf mortality in Norwegian dairy herds","volume":"92","author":"Gulliksen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7364","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-9537","article-title":"Variances and correlations of milk production, fertility, longevity, and type traits over time in Australian Holstein cattle","volume":"98","author":"Haile-Mariam","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib35","first-page":"256","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of twin births on the perinatal calf mortality and productive performance of Holstein dairy cows","volume":"53","author":"Hossein-Zadeh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Tierzucht"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0396.2009.00963.x","article-title":"The effect of twinning on milk yield, dystocia, calf birth weight and open days in Holstein dairy cows of Iran","volume":"94","author":"Hossein-Zadeh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. (Berl.)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4198","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1079","article-title":"An observational analysis of twin births, calf stillbirth, calf sex ratio, and abortion in Iranian Holsteins","volume":"91","author":"Hossein-Zadeh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/jbg.70012","article-title":"Unravelling twin births in German Holstein cows: phenotypic associations, genetic analysis and potential underlying genes and hormones","volume":"143","author":"H\u00fcneke","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Anim. Breed. Genet."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6161","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25972","article-title":"Genetics of twin birth rate in German Holstein and options for breeding","volume":"108","author":"H\u00fcneke","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib40","series-title":"ICAR Guidelines, Section 2\u2014Cattle Milk Recording","article-title":"Procedure 2: Computing of Accumulated Lactation Yield","author":"ICAR (International Committee for Animal Recording)","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-22431","article-title":"Heritabilities and genetic and phenotypic correlations for milk production and fertility traits of spring-calved once-daily or twice-daily milking cows in New Zealand","volume":"106","author":"Jayawardana","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2992","article-title":"A Bayesian threshold-linear model evaluation of perinatal mortality, dystocia, birth weight, and gestation length in a Holstein herd","volume":"94","author":"Johanson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(01)74653-X","article-title":"Twinning rates for North American Holstein sires","volume":"84","author":"Johanson","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5103","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25936","article-title":"Genetics of twinning rate in Italian Holsteins","volume":"108","author":"Katende","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13611","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27143","article-title":"Genetic relationships between twinning rate and 305-day milk production traits in Italian Holsteins","volume":"108","author":"Katende","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"issue":"E-suppl_2","key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E14","DOI":"10.2527\/animalsci2002.80E-Suppl_2E14x","article-title":"Management of twinning cow herds","volume":"80","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25236","article-title":"A genomic analysis of twinning rate and its relationship with other reproductive traits in Holstein-Friesian cattle","volume":"108","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib48","first-page":"55","article-title":"Genetic aspects of twinning in cattle","volume":"43","author":"Komisarek","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.12.029","article-title":"Incidence of double ovulation during the early postpartum period in lactating dairy cows","volume":"91","author":"Kusaka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v069.i01","article-title":"Least-Squares Means: The R Package lsmeans","volume":"69","author":"Lenth","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4307","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13660","article-title":"Short communication: Heritability of twinning rate in Holstein cattle","volume":"101","author":"Lett","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.2023-075","article-title":"Negative photoperiod induces an increase in the number of ovulations in dairy cattle","volume":"70","author":"L\u00f3pez-Gatius","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2004.06.010","article-title":"Ovulation failure and double ovulation in dairy cattle: risk factors and effects","volume":"63","author":"L\u00f3pez-Gatius","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1139\/cjas-2015-0104","article-title":"Risk factors associated with dystocia in a tie stall dairy herd","volume":"96","author":"L\u00f3pez-Helguera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3925","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10615","article-title":"Factors associated with ovarian structures and intrauterine fluid in the postpartum period in dairy cows","volume":"99","author":"L\u00f3pez-Helguera","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3706","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15544","article-title":"Symposium review: Selection for fertility in the modern dairy cow-current status and future direction for genetic selection","volume":"102","author":"Lucy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2022.04.008","article-title":"Genetic analysis of retained placenta and its association with reproductive disorder, production, and fertility traits of Iranian Holstein dairy cows","volume":"189","author":"Mahnani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2021.08.036","article-title":"Assessing the consequences and economic impact of retained placenta in Holstein dairy cattle","volume":"175","author":"Mahnani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2020.10.007","article-title":"Farm and cow factors and their interactions on the incidence of retained placenta in Holstein dairy cows","volume":"159","author":"Mahnani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6048","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8862","article-title":"Consequences and economics of metritis in Iranian Holstein dairy farms","volume":"98","author":"Mahnani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731117002026","article-title":"Performance and financial consequences of stillbirth in Holstein dairy cattle","volume":"12","author":"Mahnani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12236","article-title":"Genetic analysis of twinning rate and milk yield using a threshold-linear model in Japanese Holsteins","volume":"86","author":"Masuda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11030843","article-title":"Genomic prediction for twin pregnancies","volume":"11","author":"McGovern","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.12.032","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for dystocia in dairy cattle: A review","volume":"176","author":"Mee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.11.018","article-title":"Risk factors for calving assistance and dystocia in pasture-based Holstein-Friesian heifers and cows in Ireland","volume":"187","author":"Mee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-016-1084-8","article-title":"Climatic conditions, twining and frequency of milking as factors affecting the risk of fetal losses in high-yielding Holstein cows in a hot environment","volume":"48","author":"Mellado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10251","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-12968","article-title":"A 100-Year Review: Identification and genetic selection of economically important traits in dairy cattle","volume":"100","author":"Miglior","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib68","author":"Misztal"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioae133","article-title":"Hormonal profiles and biomarkers leading to parturition in cattle","volume":"111","author":"Monteiro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib70","first-page":"390","article-title":"Genetic evaluation of beef sires using a beef-on-dairy crossbred reference population","volume":"3","author":"Mugambe","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anim. Breed. Genet."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8335","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-14400","article-title":"An economic evaluation of management strategies to mitigate the negative effect of twinning in dairy herds","volume":"101","author":"Mur-Novales","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8685","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2024-26044","article-title":"Gestation length and its associations with calf birth weight, calf perinatal mortality, and dystocia in dairy cattle","volume":"108","author":"Mwangi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9002","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-20227","article-title":"Estimated genetic parameters for all genetically evaluated traits in Canadian Holsteins","volume":"104","author":"Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6167","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2260","article-title":"Dystocia, stillbirth, gestation length, and birth weight in Holstein, Jersey, and reciprocal crosses from a planned experiment","volume":"92","author":"Olson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2004.09.008","article-title":"The freemartin syndrome: an update","volume":"87","author":"Padula","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9419","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-14422","article-title":"Association between metabolic diseases and the culling risk of high-yielding dairy cows in a transition management facility using survival and decision tree analysis","volume":"101","author":"Probo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12060671","article-title":"Calving ease risk factors and subsequent survival, fertility and milk production in Italian Holstein cows","volume":"12","author":"Probo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib78","author":"R Core Team"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.2527\/2001.792333x","article-title":"Comparison of threshold vs linear and animal vs sire models for predicting direct and maternal genetic effects on calving difficulty in beef cattle","volume":"79","author":"Ramirez-Valverde","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02384-6","article-title":"Culling reasons and risk factors in Estonian dairy cows","volume":"16","author":"Rilanto","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.02.044","article-title":"Early pregnancy diagnosis by transrectal ultrasonography in dairy cattle","volume":"66","author":"Romano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2025.105855","article-title":"Modelling approaches for the estimation of genetic parameters for calving ease and stillbirth in German Holstein dairy cattle","volume":"303","author":"Sakhaeifar","year":"2026","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(02)74368-3","article-title":"Ovarian structures and circulating steroids in heifers and lactating cows in summer and lactating and dry cows in winter","volume":"85","author":"Sartori","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib84","first-page":"43","article-title":"Effect of single and multiple pregnancies on performance of primiparous and multiparous cows","volume":"58","author":"Sawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Tierzucht"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5047","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19421","article-title":"A retrospective study investigating the association of parity, breed, calving month and year, and previous parity milk yield and calving interval with twin births in US dairy cows","volume":"104","author":"Schambow","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/jbg.12763","article-title":"Genomic prediction of service sire effect on female reproductive performance in Holstein cattle: A comparison between different methods, validation population and marker densities","volume":"140","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anim. Breed. Genet."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9245","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-14022","article-title":"Preweaned heifer management on US dairy operations: Part VI. Factors associated with average daily gain in preweaned dairy heifer calves","volume":"101","author":"Shivley","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2009.01.013","article-title":"Factors affecting pregnancy loss for single and twin pregnancies in a high-producing dairy herd","volume":"71","author":"Silva del R\u00edo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(07)71614-4","article-title":"An observational analysis of twin births, calf sex ratio, and calf mortality in Holstein dairy cattle","volume":"90","author":"Silva del R\u00edo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4063","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1918","article-title":"Comparison between a sire model and an animal model for genetic evaluation of fertility traits in Danish Holstein population","volume":"92","author":"Sun","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1556\/004.2019.013","article-title":"Pregnancy and stillbirth losses in dairy cows with singleton and twin pregnancies","volume":"67","author":"Szel\u00e9nyi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Hung."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib92","author":"VIT. (Vereinigte Informationssysteme Tierhaltung w.V.)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(07)72632-2","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for postpartum anovulatory condition in dairy cows","volume":"90","author":"Walsh","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6151","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2024-25473","article-title":"Genetic analysis of body condition score in the Israeli Holstein dairy cattle population","volume":"108","author":"Weller","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0915","article-title":"Detection of quantitative trait loci affecting twinning rate in Israeli Holsteins by the daughter design","volume":"91","author":"Weller","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12711-021-00650-1","article-title":"A major QTL at the LHCGR\/FSHR locus for multiple birth in Holstein cattle","volume":"53","author":"Widmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genet. Sel. Evol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2998","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(00)75201-5","article-title":"Mechanisms that prevent and produce double ovulations in dairy cattle","volume":"83","author":"Wiltbank","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3697","article-title":"Short communication: Metritis affects milk production and cull rate of Holstein multiparous and primiparous dairy cows differently","volume":"94","author":"Wittrock","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28785_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4507","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2016-0623","article-title":"Frequency of leukochimerism in Holstein and Jersey twinsets","volume":"94","author":"Young","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Dairy Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022030226032133?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022030226032133?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:42:55Z","timestamp":1787776975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022030226032133"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":99,"alternative-id":["S0022030226032133"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2026-28785","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0302"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0302","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Multiple birth in Austrian Holsteins: genetic parameters and impacts on calving, health, fertility, and milk production traits","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Dairy Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2026-28785","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s).","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}