{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T20:11:42Z","timestamp":1789071102581,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"American Dairy Science Association","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"USDA NIFA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023-68014-39719"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-68014-39719"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalofdairyscience.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Dairy Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T16:07:15Z","timestamp":1788970035000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A systematic review: methods to measure total mixed ration uniformity"],"prefix":"10.3168","author":[{"given":"Isabela G.M.A.","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy R.","family":"Reibman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacquelyn P.","family":"Boerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1747","reference":[{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13030523","article-title":"Herd level yield gap analysis in a local scale dairy farming system: A practical approach to discriminate between nutritional and other constraining factors","volume":"13","author":"Andrighetto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4180","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2952","article-title":"Particle size distribution and chemical composition of total mixed rations for dairy cattle: Water addition and feed sampling effects","volume":"93","author":"Arzola-\u00c1lvarez","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib3","unstructured":"ASABE. 2007. Method of determining and expressing particle size of chopped forage materials by screening. ANSI\/ASAE S424.1:663\u2013665."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.3168\/jdsc.2023-0423","article-title":"Back to basics: Precision while mixing total mixed rations and its impact on milking performance","volume":"5","author":"Bach","year":"2024","journal-title":"JDS Commun."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0032-5910(76)80051-4","article-title":"Fundamental powder mixing mechanisms","volume":"15","author":"Bridgwater","year":"1976","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.25981.1","article-title":"Evaluation of batch fraction, corn silage inclusion level, and mixing duration on long particle distribution of finishing diets for beef cattle","volume":"9","author":"Buckhaus","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000 Res."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib7","series-title":"Proc. Tri-State Dairy Nutr. Conf. Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH","first-page":"105","article-title":"Optimizing performance of TMR mixers","author":"Buckmaster","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib8","first-page":"693","article-title":"Assessing uniformity of total mixed rations","volume":"30","author":"Buckmaster","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Eng. Agric."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.2507\/IJSIMM22-3-655","article-title":"Design and analysis of a vertical screw stirring device for feeding dairy goats","volume":"22","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Simul. Model."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.37496\/rbz5020200174","article-title":"Accuracy and physical characteristics of total mixed rations and feeding sorting behavior in dairy herds of Castro, Paran\u00e1","volume":"50","author":"Carneiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Zootec."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2019.1618742","article-title":"Influence of different loading levels, cutting and mixing times on total mixed ration (TMR) homogeneity in a vertical mixing wagon during distribution: A case study","volume":"18","author":"Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03184936","article-title":"The definition and measurement of some characteristics of mixtures","volume":"3","author":"Danckwerts","year":"1952","journal-title":"Appl. Sci. Res."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5572","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0370","article-title":"Dietary forage concentration affects the feed sorting behavior of lactating dairy cows","volume":"90","author":"DeVries","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1079\/NRR19970006","article-title":"The principles, practices and some future applications of near infrared spectroscopy for predicting the nutritive value of foods for animals and humans","volume":"10","author":"Givens","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib15","series-title":"Sampling of heterogeneous and dynamic material systems","author":"Gy","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib16","unstructured":"Heinrichs, A. J. 2013. The Penn State Particle Separator. DSE 2013\u2013186."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)73773-4","article-title":"Modification of the Penn State forage and total mixed ration particle separator and the effects of moisture content on its measurements","volume":"86","author":"Kononoff","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.5010040504","article-title":"Developments in the theory of particle mixing","volume":"4","author":"Lacey","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Appl. Chem. (Lond.)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(96)76442-1","article-title":"A simple method for the analysis of particle sizes of forage and total mixed rations","volume":"79","author":"Lammers","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(03)73634-0","article-title":"Effect of quantity, quality, and length of alfalfa hay on selective consumption by dairy cows","volume":"86","author":"Leonardi","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3784","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-3094","article-title":"Technical note: Evaluation of procedures for analyzing ration sorting and rumen digesta particle size in dairy cows","volume":"93","author":"Maulfair","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(97)76075-2","article-title":"Creating a system for meeting the fiber requirements of dairy cows","volume":"80","author":"Mertens","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib23","series-title":"Proc. Four-State Nutr. Manage. Conf., Iowa State Univ., Dubuque, IA","first-page":"211","article-title":"Particle size, fragmentation index, and effective fiber: Tools for evaluating the physical attributes of corn silage","author":"Mertens","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4172","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11983","article-title":"Feed sorting in dairy cattle: Causes, consequences, and management","volume":"100","author":"Miller-Cushon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2020.114708","article-title":"Accuracy and homogeneity of total mixed rations processed through trailer mixer or self-propelled mixer, and effects on the yields of high-yielding dairy cows","volume":"270","author":"Moallem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3230","DOI":"10.3390\/app12073230","article-title":"Assessing the homogeneity of forage mixtures using an RGB camera as exemplified by cattle rations","volume":"12","author":"Nikitin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Sci. (Basel)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2014.08.003","article-title":"Monitoring total mixed rations and feed delivery systems","volume":"30","author":"Oelberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fluid.32.1.55","article-title":"Mixing and segregation of granular materials","volume":"32","author":"Ottino","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib29","series-title":"Pierre Gy's sampling theory and sampling practice","author":"Pitard","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.15232\/aas.2023-02415","article-title":"Evaluation of macromineral meters to detect cation-anion difference concentration and uniformity in a total mixed ration","volume":"39","author":"Poldervaart","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859600028859","article-title":"The validity of the critical size theory for particles leaving the rumen","volume":"94","author":"Poppi","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.15232\/S1080-7446(15)31789-7","article-title":"Evaluation of particle size distribution, and ration uniformity in total mixed rations fed in Northcentral Texas","volume":"14","author":"Rippel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prof. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vas.2026.100663","article-title":"Validation and selection of nutritional markers to evaluate mixing quality in total mixed ration for dairy cows: Technical note","volume":"32","author":"Santos","year":"2026","journal-title":"Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2026.111458","article-title":"Image analysis as a tool for measuring total mixed ration uniformity on dairy farms","volume":"244","author":"Santos","year":"2026","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2024.2390632","article-title":"An easy decision-making graphic tool to improve herd level milk yield in a local scale dairy farming system","volume":"23","author":"Serva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3566","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11123566","article-title":"Assessment of the effectiveness of a portable NIRS instrument in controlling the mixer wagon tuning and ration management","volume":"11","author":"Serva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-6951","article-title":"Accuracy and precision of total mixed rations fed on commercial dairy farms","volume":"97","author":"Sova","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.3390\/dairy5010009","article-title":"Particle size distribution and feed sorting of hay-based and silage-based total mixed ration of Calabrian dairy herds","volume":"5","author":"Spina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dairy"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib39","series-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Saf. Health Welfare Agric. Agro-food Syst","first-page":"60","article-title":"Calculation of the mixing time as a function of the dairy cow diet chemical homogeneity inside the mixing hopper","author":"Tangorra","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2018.09.018","article-title":"Particle size distribution of forages and mixed rations, and their relationship with ration variability and performance of UK dairy herds","volume":"217","author":"Tayyab","year":"2018","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib41","article-title":"Finite element simulation and performance test of loading and mixing characteristics of self-propelled total mixed ration mixer","volume":"2020","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eng."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5866","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10620","article-title":"Deviation from the formulated target weight of ingredients loaded into high milk yield cow recipes on California dairies","volume":"99","author":"Trillo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.17221\/2123-RAE","article-title":"Parametric analysis of the properties of selected mixing feeding wagons","volume":"53","author":"Vegricht","year":"2007","journal-title":"Res. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.3390\/pr11113124","article-title":"Design and testing of segmented spiral total mix ration mixer","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Processes (Basel)"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.15232\/aas.2024-02578","article-title":"Perspective and commentary: Variation in nutrient composition of feeds and diets and how it can affect formulation of dairy cow diets","volume":"40","author":"Weiss","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib46","series-title":"Proc. Tri-State Dairy Nutrition Conference. Fort Wayne, IN","first-page":"137","article-title":"TMR sampling: Valuable exercise or a random number generator?","author":"Weiss","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib47","article-title":"The recent advances of near-infrared spectroscopy in dairy production\u2014A review","author":"Yakubu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-28913_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4421","article-title":"Invited review: Role of physically effective fiber and estimation of dietary fiber adequacy in high-producing dairy cattle","volume":"95","author":"Zebeli","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."}],"container-title":["Journal of Dairy Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022030226032522?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022030226032522?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T19:58:01Z","timestamp":1789070281000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022030226032522"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0022030226032522"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2026-28913","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0302"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0302","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A systematic review: methods to measure total mixed ration uniformity","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Dairy Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2026-28913","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}