{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:43:59Z","timestamp":1792788239242,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Dairy Science Association","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007917","name":"USDA Agricultural Research Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009168","name":"USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009168","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"USDA NIFA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journalofdairyscience.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Dairy Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T06:51:40Z","timestamp":1792651900000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bovine leptospirosis: Pathogenic species and serovars of Leptospira associated with dairy cows"],"prefix":"10.3168","author":[{"given":"Camila","family":"Hamond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8723-359X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan E.","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. Springer","family":"Browne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8794-9021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis G.V.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7510-5710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellie J.","family":"Putz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tammy","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"LeCount","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Camp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Hicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tod","family":"Stuber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8656-5839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans","family":"van der Linden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7048-6999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priscyla","family":"dos Santos Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darrell O.","family":"Bayles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason W.","family":"Sahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2684-6007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9478-1316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jarlath E.","family":"Nally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1747","reference":[{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","article-title":"Basic local alignment search tool","volume":"215","author":"Altschul","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021","article-title":"SPAdes: a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing","volume":"19","author":"Bankevich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of computational biology: a journal of computational molecular cell biology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011733","article-title":"Phylogenomics of Leptospira santarosai, a prevalent pathogenic species in the Americas","volume":"17","author":"Chinchilla","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009859","article-title":"Mongooses (Urva auropunctata) as reservoir hosts of Leptospira species in the United States Virgin Islands, 2019\u20132020","volume":"15","author":"Cranford","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib5","author":"Delcher"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30532-6","article-title":"Leptospirosis as a cause of reproductive failure","volume":"10","author":"Ellis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib7","first-page":"99","article-title":"Animal leptospirosis","volume":"387","author":"Ellis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib8","series-title":"Leptospira and Leptospirosis","author":"Faine","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.005560","article-title":"Leptospira sanjuanensis sp. nov., a pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira isolated from soil in Puerto Rico","volume":"72","author":"Fernandes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2015.03.024","article-title":"Optimization of LipL32 PCR assay for increased sensitivity in diagnosing leptospirosis","volume":"82","author":"Galloway","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib11","first-page":"15","article-title":"Leptospirosis serodiagnosis by the microscopic agglutination test. Curr Protoc Microbiol 32(1)","volume":"12E","author":"Goris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12E. 12.11","DOI":"10.1002\/9780471729259.mc12e02s02","article-title":"Hamster model of leptospirosis","volume":"2","author":"Haake","year":"2006","journal-title":"Current protocols in microbiology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1346713","article-title":"Identification of equine mares as reservoir hosts for pathogenic species of Leptospira.","volume":"11","author":"Hamond","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-04846-3","article-title":"Assessing rodents as carriers of pathogenic Leptospira species in the U.S. Virgin Islands and their risk to animal and public health","volume":"12","author":"Hamond","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1025282","article-title":"Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo and Leptospira santarosai serogroup Pyrogenes isolated from bovine dairy herds in Puerto Rico","volume":"9","author":"Hamond","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01204-23","article-title":"Concurrent colonization of rodent kidneys with multiple species and serogroups of pathogenic Leptospira.","volume":"89","author":"Hamond","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.848664","article-title":"Bovine Leptospirosis Due to Persistent Renal Carriage of Leptospira borgpetersenii Serovar Tarassovi","volume":"9","author":"Hamond","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.06.014","article-title":"Presence of leptospires on genital tract of mares with reproductive problems","volume":"179","author":"Hamond","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13643","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27020","article-title":"Bull urine and semen as potential vectors of disease transmission for Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo","volume":"108","author":"Hamond","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13643","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2025-27020","article-title":"Bull urine and semen as potential vectors of disease transmission for Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo","volume":"108","author":"Hamond","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.006595","article-title":"Leptospira gorisiae sp. nov, L. cinconiae sp. nov, L. mgodei sp. nov, L. milleri sp. nov and L. iowaensis sp. nov: five new species isolated from water sources in the Midwestern United States","volume":"75","author":"Hamond","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib22","series-title":"Manual International Course on Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Leptospirosis","author":"Hartskeerl","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66526-4","article-title":"Isolation and propagation of leptospires at 37 degrees C directly from the mammalian host","volume":"10","author":"Hornsby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.4285","article-title":"ModelFinder: fast model selection for accurate phylogenetic estimates","volume":"14","author":"Kalyaanamoorthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib25","article-title":"Isolation of Leptospira kirschneri serovar Grippotyphosa from a red panda (Ailurus fulgens) after antimicrobial therapy: Case report","volume":"9","author":"LeCount","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.107524.110","article-title":"The Genome Analysis Toolkit: a MapReduce framework for analyzing next-generation DNA sequencing data","volume":"20","author":"McKenna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1991.52.11.1761","article-title":"Survey to estimate prevalence of Leptospira interrogans infection in mature cattle in the United States","volume":"52","author":"Miller","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-023-01190-w","article-title":"Urine shedding patterns of pathogenic Leptospira spp. in dairy cows","volume":"54","author":"Monti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib29","article-title":"Diagnosis and Clinical Description of Leptospirosis Cases Identified Through Hospital-Based Active Surveillance in Puerto Rico, 2019\u20132021","volume":"9731885","author":"Munoz-Zanzi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8090178","article-title":"Antigen-Specific Urinary Immunoglobulin in Reservoir Hosts of Leptospirosis","volume":"8","author":"Nally","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.03.023","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of pathogenic leptospires associated with cattle","volume":"218","author":"Nally","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.1.400-404.2001","article-title":"Temperature-regulated protein synthesis by Leptospira interrogans.","volume":"69","author":"Nally","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.186.7.2164-2172.2004","article-title":"Comparative genomics of two Leptospira interrogans serovars reveals novel insights into physiology and pathogenesis","volume":"186","author":"Nascimento","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu300","article-title":"IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.7150\/jgen.69822","article-title":"Complete Genome Sequence of Four Strains of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo isolated from Cattle in the Central United States","volume":"10","author":"Putz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Genomics"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2022.104602","article-title":"Some like it hot, some like it cold; proteome comparison of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo strains propagated at different temperatures","volume":"262","author":"Putz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Proteomics"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009320","article-title":"Distinct transcriptional profiles of Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo strains JB197 and HB203 cultured at different temperatures","volume":"15","author":"Putz","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182019001252","article-title":"Leptospira in livestock in Madagascar: uncultured strains, mixed infections and small mammal-livestock transmission highlight challenges in controlling and diagnosing leptospirosis in the developing world","volume":"146","author":"Rahelinirina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib39","article-title":"Clinical and molecular characterization of an outbreak of leptospirosis in dogs from Los Angeles County, California, USA, 2021","volume":"0024026","author":"Randolph","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1973.34111","article-title":"The isolation of Leptospira serotypes Copenhageni and Ballum from healthy calves","volume":"21","author":"Ris","year":"1973","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.1.191-197.1998","article-title":"An internal control for routine diagnostic PCR: design, properties, and effect on clinical performance","volume":"36","author":"Rosenstraus","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib42","article-title":"NASP: an accurate, rapid method for the identification of SNPs in WGS datasets that supports flexible input and output formats","volume":"2","author":"Sahl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00193","article-title":"Genomic Comparison Among Global Isolates of L. interrogans Serovars Copenhageni and Icterohaemorrhagiae Identified Natural Genetic Variation Caused by an Indel","volume":"8","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib44","first-page":"15","article-title":"Herd prevalence and risk factors of Leptospira infection in beef cow\/calf operations in the United States","author":"Steven","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bov. Pract."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2009.03.014","article-title":"Detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. through TaqMan polymerase chain reaction targeting the LipL32 gene","volume":"64","author":"Stoddard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009959","article-title":"Diverse lineages of pathogenic Leptospira species are widespread in the environment in Puerto Rico, USA","volume":"16","author":"Stone","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012966","article-title":"Host population dynamics influence Leptospira spp. transmission patterns among Rattus norvegicus in Boston, Massachusetts, US","volume":"19","author":"Stone","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11051282","article-title":"DNA Capture and Enrichment: A Culture-Independent Approach for Characterizing the Genomic Diversity of Pathogenic Leptospira Species","volume":"11","author":"Stone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib49","first-page":"498","article-title":"The classification of Sejroe group serovars of Leptospira interrogans with monoclonal antibodies","volume":"259","author":"Terpstra","year":"1985","journal-title":"Zentralbl. Bakteriol. Mikrobiol. Hyg. A"},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2023.2248930","article-title":"Molecular typing of Leptospira spp. in farmed and wild mammals reveals new host-serovar associations in New Zealand","volume":"72","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-019-1891-0","article-title":"Improved metagenomic analysis with Kraken 2","volume":"20","author":"Wood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"10.3168\/jds.2026-29274_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822008000400028","article-title":"Isolation of Leptospira Serovars Canicola and Copenhageni from Cattle Urine in the State of Parana, Brazil","volume":"39","author":"Zacarias","year":"2008","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Dairy Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022030226033801?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0022030226033801?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:09:53Z","timestamp":1792786193000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0022030226033801"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S0022030226033801"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2026-29274","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-0302"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-0302","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Bovine leptospirosis: Pathogenic species and serovars of Leptospira associated with dairy cows","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Journal of Dairy Science","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3168\/jds.2026-29274","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}