{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T23:37:16Z","timestamp":1782862636698,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":248,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Moyamoya disease, a known cause of pediatric stroke, is an unremitting cerebrovascular occlusive disorder of unknown etiology that can lead to devastating, permanent neurological disability if left untreated. It is characterized by progressive stenosis of the intracranial internal carotid arteries and their distal branches and the nearly simultaneous appearance of basal arterial collateral vessels that vascularize hypoperfused brain distal to the occluded vessels. Moyamoya disease may be idiopathic or may occur in association with other syndromes. Most children with moyamoya disease present with recurrent transient ischemic attacks or strokes. Although there is no definitive medical treatment, numerous direct and indirect revascularization procedures have been used to improve the compromised cerebral circulation, with outcomes varying according to procedure type. Such techniques improve the long-term outcome of patients with both idiopathic and syndrome-associated moyamoya disease. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of moyamoya disease in children, with an emphasis on the most effective surgical treatment options.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2000.01.focus08306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,31]],"date-time":"2009-03-31T12:12:42Z","timestamp":1238501562000},"page":"E2","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Understanding and treating moyamoya disease in children"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jodi L.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Riley Hospital for Children and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-0260002","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"174","article-title":"Intracranial saccular aneurysm and moyamoya disease","volume":"10","author":"Adams","year":"1979"},{"key":"b2-0260002","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","first-page":"26","article-title":"Pial synangiosis for moyamoya syndrome in children","volume":"23","author":"Adelson","year":"1995"},{"key":"b3-0260002","series-title":"J Pak Med Assoc","first-page":"181","article-title":"Imaging of moyamoya disease","volume":"47","author":"Ahmed","year":"1997"},{"key":"b4-0260002","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"131","article-title":"Progressive cerebral occlusive disease after radiation therapy","volume":"26","author":"Bitzer","year":"1995"},{"key":"b5-0260002","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"189","article-title":"Observation on moyamoya disease: a case treated with superficial temporal-middle cerebral artery anastomosis","volume":"9","author":"Boone","year":"1978"},{"key":"b6-0260002","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosci","first-page":"58","article-title":"Failure of encephalo-duro-arterio-synangiosis procedure in moyamoya disease","volume":"12","author":"Cahan"},{"key":"b7-0260002","series-title":"Neuroradiology","first-page":"267","article-title":"Diffusion- and magnetisation transfer-weighted MRI in childhood moya-moya","volume":"40","author":"Chabbert","year":"1998"},{"key":"b8-0260002","series-title":"J Korean Med Sci","first-page":"85","article-title":"MR imaging findings of moyamoya disease","volume":"5","author":"Chang","year":"1990"},{"key":"b9-0260002","series-title":"Nat Genet","first-page":"264","article-title":"A second locus for Marfan syndrome maps to chromosome 3p24.2\u2013p25","volume":"8","author":"Collod","year":"1994"},{"key":"b10-0260002","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"2131","article-title":"Moyamoya and Down syndrome. 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