{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T09:57:14Z","timestamp":1785232634743,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Foix-Alajouanine syndrome has become a well-known entity since its initial report in 1926. The traditional understanding of this clinical syndrome is as a progressive spinal cord venous thrombosis related to a spinal vascular lesion, resulting in necrotic myelopathy. However, spinal venous thrombosis is extremely rare and not a feature of any common spinal vascular syndrome. A translation and review of the original 42-page French report revealed 2 young men who had presented with progressive and unrelenting myelopathy ultimately leading to their deaths. Pathological analysis demonstrated endomesovasculitis of unknown origin, including vessel wall thickening without evidence of luminal narrowing, obliteration of cord vessels, or thrombosis. Foix and Alajouanine also excluded the presence of intramedullary arteriovenous malformations. At the time, dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) had not been described, and therefore this type of lesion was not specifically sought. In retrospect, it seems possible that both patients had progressive myelopathy due to Type I dAVFs. In the decades since that original report, numerous authors have included spinal cord venous thrombosis as a central feature of Foix-Alajouanine syndrome. The inclusion of thrombosis in the clinical picture of this syndrome is not only incorrect but may leave one with the impression of therapeutic futility, thus possibly preventing successful surgical or endovascular therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2007.11.17656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,3]],"date-time":"2009-04-03T14:04:15Z","timestamp":1238767455000},"page":"902-906","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Legacy and current understanding of the often-misunderstood Foix-Alajouanine syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Andrew S.","family":"Ferrell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Radiology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Shane","family":"Tubbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie","family":"Acakpo-Satchivi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Deveikis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark R.","family":"Harrigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-17656","series-title":"Clin Neurosurg","first-page":"388","article-title":"Interventional neuroradiology for spinal pathology","volume":"39","author":"Anson","year":"1992"},{"key":"b2-17656","series-title":"Mayo Clin Proc","first-page":"1120","article-title":"Clinical and radiographic features of dural arteriovenous fistula, a treatable cause of myelopathy","volume":"76","author":"Atkinson","year":"2001"},{"key":"b3-17656","series-title":"Acta Neuropathol","first-page":"103","article-title":"Arteriovenous fistulae of the meninges draining into the spinal veins. A histological study of 28 cases","volume":"62","author":"Benhaiem","year":"1983"},{"key":"b4-17656","series-title":"Arq Neuropsiquiatr","first-page":"527","article-title":"Foix-Alajouanine syndrome: case report","volume":"63","author":"Bordignon","year":"2005"},{"key":"b5-17656","series-title":"Bull Acad Natl Med","first-page":"313","article-title":"Eulogy of Th\u00e9ophile Alajouanine (1890\u20131980)","volume":"166","author":"Boudin","year":"1982"},{"key":"b6-17656","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"354","article-title":"Reversible acute and subacute myelopathy in patients with dural arteriovenous fistulas. Foix-Alajouanine syndrome reconsidered","volume":"70","author":"Criscuolo","year":"1989"},{"key":"b7-17656","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"1286","article-title":"Foix-Alajouanine syndrome","volume":"11","author":"Di Chiro","year":"1990"},{"key":"b8-17656","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"1","article-title":"Angiography of the spinal cord. A review of contemporary techniques and applications","volume":"39","author":"Di Chiro","year":"1973"},{"key":"b9-17656","series-title":"J Clin Neurosci","first-page":"299","article-title":"Spinal arteriovenous malformations: a review with case illustrations","volume":"8","author":"Ferch","year":"2001"},{"key":"b10-17656","series-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)","first-page":"593","article-title":"Les l\u00e9sions anatomiques de la maladie de Parkinson","volume":"28","author":"Foix","year":"1921"},{"key":"b11-17656","series-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)","first-page":"1","article-title":"[Subacute necrotic myelitis, slowly progressive central myelitis with vascular hyperplasia, and slowly ascending, increasingly flaccid amyotrophic paraplegia accompanied by albuminocytologic dissociation.]","volume":"33","author":"Foix","year":"1926"},{"key":"b12-17656","series-title":"Anatomie c\u00e9r\u00e9brale. Les moyens gris centraux et la r\u00e9gion mesencephalo-sous-optique; suivi d'une appendice sur l'anatomie pathologique de la maladie de Parkinson","author":"Foix","year":"1925"},{"key":"b13-17656","series-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol","first-page":"2049","article-title":"Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: MR and myelographic findings","volume":"16","author":"Gilbertson","year":"1995"},{"key":"b14-17656","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"360","article-title":"Hemodynamics of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas. An intraoperative study","volume":"70","author":"Hassler","year":"1989"},{"key":"b15-17656","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"539","article-title":"Genesis of a dural arteriovenous malformation in a rat model","volume":"83","author":"Herman","year":"1995"},{"key":"b16-17656","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"1309","article-title":"Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula: the pathology of venous hypertensive myelopathy","volume":"45","author":"Hurst","year":"1995"},{"key":"b17-17656","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"1438","article-title":"Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: clinical features in 80 patients","volume":"74","author":"Jellema","year":"2003"},{"key":"b18-17656","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1224","article-title":"Venous congestion is a major cause of neurological deterioration in spinal arteriovenous malformations","volume":"48","author":"Kataoka","year":"2001"},{"key":"b19-17656","series-title":"Neuropathology","first-page":"284","article-title":"Venous congestive myelopathy of the cervical spinal cord: an autopsy case showing a rapidly progressive clinical course","volume":"27","author":"Kimura","year":"2007"},{"key":"b20-17656","series-title":"Rofo","first-page":"1071","article-title":"[Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula: clinical and radiological findings in 54 patients.]","volume":"175","author":"Koch","year":"2003"},{"key":"b21-17656","series-title":"Brain Lang","first-page":"191","article-title":"Obituary: Th\u00e9ophile Alajouanine (1890\u20131980)","volume":"13","author":"Lhermitte","year":"1981"},{"key":"b22-17656","series-title":"Radiology","first-page":"109","article-title":"Spinal arteriovenous malformation: MR imaging","volume":"169","author":"Minami","year":"1988"},{"key":"b23-17656","series-title":"South Med J","first-page":"567","article-title":"Foix-Alajouanine syndrome: an uncommon cause of myelopathy from an anatomic variant circulation","volume":"98","author":"Mishra","year":"2005"},{"key":"b24-17656","series-title":"AMA Arch Pathol","first-page":"73","article-title":"Vasal component in syndrome of Foix Alajouanine; subacute necrotizing myelitis","volume":"55","author":"Neubuerger","year":"1953"},{"key":"b25-17656","series-title":"Clin Radiol","first-page":"134","article-title":"Case report: spontaneous thrombosis of a spinal dural AVM (Foix-Alajouanine syndrome)\u2014magnetic resonance appearance","volume":"47","author":"Renowden","year":"1993"},{"key":"b26-17656","series-title":"Neuroradiology","first-page":"803","article-title":"Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulae with perimedullary venous drainage. Anatomical, clinical and therapeutic considerations","volume":"41","author":"Ricolfi","year":"1999"},{"key":"b27-17656","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"795","article-title":"Spinal arteriovenous malformations: a comparison of dural arteriovenous fistulas and intradural AVM's in 81 patients","volume":"67","author":"Rosenblum","year":"1987"},{"key":"b28-17656","series-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)","first-page":"441","article-title":"Charles Foix (1882\u20131927)","volume":"43","author":"Roussy","year":"1927"},{"key":"b29-17656","series-title":"J Neuroradiol","first-page":"3","article-title":"Morphological and functional anatomy of spinal cord veins","volume":"12","author":"Tadie","year":"1985"},{"key":"b30-17656","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"884","article-title":"Development of acquired arteriovenous fistulas in rats due to venous hypertension","volume":"80","author":"Terada","year":"1994"},{"key":"b31-17656","series-title":"Radiologe","first-page":"955","article-title":"[Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas.]","volume":"41","author":"Thron","year":"2001"},{"key":"b32-17656","series-title":"Stroke","first-page":"1578","article-title":"Multidisciplinary management of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas: clinical presentation and long-term follow-up in 49 patients","volume":"33","author":"Van Dijk","year":"2002"},{"key":"b33-17656","series-title":"Aesculape","first-page":"241","article-title":"L'oeuvre poetique de Charles Foix","volume":"17","author":"Vinchon","year":"1927"},{"key":"b34-17656","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"687","article-title":"Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor in response to venous hypertension","volume":"59","author":"Zhu","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/111\/5\/article-p902.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/111\/5\/article-p902.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/111\/5\/article-p902.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T10:26:14Z","timestamp":1679912774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/111\/5\/article-p902.xml"}},"subtitle":["Historical vignette"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2007.11.17656","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0693","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,11]]}}}