{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:10:23Z","timestamp":1787314223844,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PED"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Image-guided neuroendoscopy is being increasingly used in an attempt to reduce the morbidity associated with surgery and to make navigation easier. It has a particularly useful application in the pediatric population for the treatment of conditions such as complex hydrocephalus and arachnoid cysts. However, its use has been limited by the requirement for rigid head fixation, which may be difficult in infants because of the immaturity of the skull. In addition there can be line-of-sight issues, which can be a problem with optical-based systems. Electromagnetic navigation has eliminated the requirement for head immobilization, and its successful use in the infant population has been reported. The authors present their series to date, define its role, and discuss its advantages over other forms of image-guided navigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The authors used the electromagnetic StealthStation and software (Medtronic) for neuronavigation. A dynamic reference frame was attached to the head using an adhesive dressing. The patient was positioned without rigid fixation and was registered using a specially designed stylet. Navigation was through a stylet, which could be placed within the endoscope. Direct advantages were no rigid head fixation, the ability to maneuver the endoscope without the requirement for a bulky optical attachment, and no loss of navigation caused by user obstruction of reflective fiducial markers. The authors performed a total of 28 procedures in 23 patients. There were 9 arachnoid cyst marsupializations, 4 multiple fenestrations for multiloculated hydrocephalus, 4 aqueductal stenting procedures for encysted fourth ventricles, 5 endoscopic third ventriculostomies, 3 septum pellucidotomies, 2 tumor biopsies, and 1 tumor cyst decompression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electromagnetic navigation was successful in all cases. Two complications were reported: a subdural collection, requiring bur hole drainage after a successful fenestration of the arachnoid cyst and failed treatment of complex hydrocephalus requiring subsequent placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The electromagnetic technology provides reliable image-guided endoscopy. It has several advantages over alternative forms of stereotaxy, and the ability to use it without the need for rigid head fixation makes it eminently suitable for the pediatric population. Its use and application in the treatment of a variety of different conditions has been demonstrated successfully.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2008.12.peds0888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,9,22]],"date-time":"2009-09-22T08:27:59Z","timestamp":1253608079000},"page":"325-330","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Electromagnetic-guided neuroendoscopy in the pediatric population"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Meharpal","family":"Sangra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Hayhurst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conor","family":"Mallucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-0030325","series-title":"Pediatr Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1159\/000070412","article-title":"Results of endoscopic septal fenestration in the treatment of isolated lateral ventricular hydrocephalus","volume":"38","author":"Aldana","year":"2003"},{"key":"b2-0030325","series-title":"Principles and Practice of Pediatric Neurosurgery","first-page":"131","article-title":"Neuroendoscopy","author":"Anderson","year":"2008"},{"key":"b3-0030325","series-title":"Neurol Neurochir Pol","first-page":"122","article-title":"Accuracy of intraoperative registration during electromagnetic neuronavigation in intracranial procedures performed in children","volume":"41","author":"Barszcz","year":"2007"},{"issue":"6","key":"b4-0030325","series-title":"Neurosurg Focus","first-page":"E10","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of 400 neuroendoscopic interventions: the Hungarian experience","volume":"19","author":"Bognar","year":"2005"},{"key":"b5-0030325","series-title":"Childs Nerv Syst","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-007-0333-6","article-title":"Complications following endoscopic intracranial procedures in children","volume":"23","author":"Cinalli","year":"2007"},{"key":"b6-0030325","series-title":"Adv Tech Stand Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/3-211-32234-5_4","article-title":"Endoscopic third ventriculostomy in the treatment of hydrocephalus in pediatric patients","volume":"31","author":"Di Rocco","year":"2006"},{"key":"b7-0030325","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199802000-00008","article-title":"Endoscope-assisted brain surgery: part 2\u2014analysis of 380 procedures","volume":"42","author":"Fries","year":"1998"},{"key":"b8-0030325","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199306000-00031","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging-directed stereotactic endoscopic third ventriculostomy","volume":"32","author":"Goodman","year":"1993"},{"key":"b9-0030325","series-title":"Br J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/02688690050004552","article-title":"Neuroendoscopy combined with frameless neuronavigation","volume":"14","author":"Gumprecht","year":"2000"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"b10-0030325","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"E206","article-title":"Endoscopic aqueductal stenting via the fourth ventricle under navigating system guidance: a technical note","volume":"56","author":"Hamada","year":"2005"},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"b11-0030325","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"455","article-title":"Endoscopic management of arachnoid cysts: an advancing technique","volume":"106","author":"Karabatsou","year":"2007"},{"key":"b12-0030325","series-title":"Minim Invasive Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-830150","article-title":"Neuronavigation- guided endoscopic surgery for pineal tumors with hydrocephalus","volume":"47","author":"Kim","year":"2004"},{"key":"b13-0030325","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1995.82.5.0780","article-title":"Endoscopic treatment of loculated hydrocephalus","volume":"82","author":"Lewis","year":"1995"},{"issue":"2 Suppl","key":"b14-0030325","series-title":"Neurosurgery","article-title":"Simultanous image-guided and endoscopic navigation without rigid cranial fixation: application in infants: technical case report","volume":"58","author":"Mangano","year":"2006"},{"key":"b15-0030325","series-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl","first-page":"34","article-title":"Magnetic field guided endoscopic dissection through a burr hole may avoid more invasive craniotomies. 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