{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T15:24:04Z","timestamp":1794324244053,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Various donor nerves, including the ipsilateral long thoracic nerve (LTN), have been used for brachial plexus neurotization procedures. Neurotization to proximal branches of the brachial plexus using the contralateral long thoracic nerve (LTN) has, to the authors' knowledge, not been previously explored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In an attempt to identify an additional nerve donor candidate for proximal brachial plexus neurotization, the authors dissected the LTN in 8 adult human cadavers. The nerve was transected at its distal termination and then passed deep to the clavicle and axillary neurovascular bundle. This passed segment of nerve was then tunneled subcutaneously and contralaterally across the neck to a supra- and infraclavicular exposure of the suprascapular and musculocutaneous nerves. Measurements were made of the length and diameter of the LTN.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All specimens were found to have a LTN that could be brought to the aforementioned contralateral nerves. Neural connections remained tension free with left and right neck rotation of ~ 45\u00b0. The mean length of the LTN was 22 cm with a range of 18\u201327 cm. The overall mean diameter of this nerve was 3.0 mm. No gross evidence of injury to surrounding neurovascular structures was identified in any specimen.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on the results of this cadaveric study, the use of the contralateral LTN may be considered for neurotization of the proximal musculocutaneous and suprascapular nerves.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2008.4.17511","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,26]],"date-time":"2008-09-26T11:07:58Z","timestamp":1222427278000},"page":"749-753","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The contralateral long thoracic nerve as a donor for upper brachial plexus neurotization procedures: cadaveric feasibility study"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"R. Shane","family":"Tubbs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital;"},{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marios","family":"Loukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammadali M.","family":"Shoja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical Sciences, St. George's University, Grenada;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghaffar","family":"Shokouhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University (Medical Sciences), Tabriz, Iran; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"Wellons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W. Jerry","family":"Oakes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron A.","family":"Cohen-Gadol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clarian Neuroscience Institute, Indianapolis Neurosurgical Group and Indiana University Department of Neurosurgery, Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-17511","series-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199501000-00014","article-title":"The anatomy of the lower serratus anterior muscle: a fresh cadaver study","volume":"95","author":"Cuadros","year":"1995"},{"key":"b2-17511","series-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg","first-page":"458","article-title":"Vulnerability of long thoracic nerve: an anatomic study","volume":"133","author":"Ebraheim","year":"1998"},{"key":"b3-17511","series-title":"Neuroanatomy","first-page":"2","article-title":"Mapping the course of the long thoracic nerve","volume":"3","author":"Erdogmus","year":"2004"},{"key":"b4-17511","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"203","article-title":"Surgical relationship of the medial pectoral nerve to the musculocutaneous nerve: a cadaveric study","volume":"48","author":"Hansasuta","year":"2001"},{"key":"b5-17511","series-title":"Ann Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-194802000-00009","article-title":"Concerning surgical treatment of traumatic injury of the upper division of the brachial plexus (Erb's-type)","volume":"127","author":"Lurje","year":"1948"},{"key":"b6-17511","series-title":"Nerve Compression Syndromes Diagnosis and Treatment","first-page":"234","article-title":"Compression syndromes about the shoulder including brachial plexus","author":"Narakas","year":"1989"},{"key":"b7-17511","series-title":"Int Surg","first-page":"521","article-title":"The surgical treatment of traumatic brachial plexus lesions","volume":"65","author":"Narakas","year":"1980"},{"key":"b8-17511","series-title":"Clin Plast Surg","first-page":"153","article-title":"Thoughts on neurotization or nerve transfers in irreparable nerve lesions","volume":"11","author":"Narakas","year":"1984"},{"key":"b9-17511","series-title":"Exp Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2004.08.003","article-title":"Effect of motor versus sensory nerve grafts on peripheral nerve regeneration","volume":"190","author":"Nichols","year":"2004"},{"key":"b10-17511","series-title":"Ann Thorac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(01)03372-0","article-title":"Surgical treatment of a long thoracic nerve palsy","volume":"73","author":"Novak","year":"2002"},{"key":"b11-17511","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"197","article-title":"Long thoracic nerve block","volume":"71","author":"Ramamurthy","year":"1990"},{"key":"b12-17511","series-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(98)70047-9","article-title":"Relationship of the long thoracic nerve to the scapular tip: an aid to prevention of proximal nerve injury","volume":"116","author":"Salazar","year":"1998"},{"key":"b13-17511","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1992.76.2.0191","article-title":"Nerve transfer in brachial plexus traction injuries","volume":"76","author":"Samardzic","year":"1992"},{"key":"b14-17511","series-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-1000100","article-title":"Reconstruction of accessory nerve defects with vascularized long thoracic vs. nonvascularized thoracodorsal nerve","volume":"15","author":"Schultes","year":"1999"},{"key":"b15-17511","series-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1054\/bjom.1999.0334","article-title":"Vascularized transplantation of the long thoracic nerve for sensory reinnervation of the lower lip","volume":"38","author":"Schultes","year":"2000"},{"key":"b16-17511","series-title":"Gray's Anatomy. 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