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Detailed validation with postoperative imaging was obtained for 121 of these procedures and with microelectrode recording (MER) for 30 procedures. Probes were constructed to interrogate tissue perpendicular to the probe path and to incorporate hollow channels for microelectrodes, deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes, and other payloads.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The NIR data were highly correlated to imaging and MER recordings for thalamic targets. The NIR data were highly sensitive but less specific relative to imaging for subthalamic targets, confirming the ability to detect the subthalamic nucleus and to provide warnings of inaccurate localization. The difference between the NIR- and MER-detected midpoints of the subthalamic nucleus along the chosen tracks was 1.1 \u00b1 1.2 mm (SD). Data obtained during insertion and withdrawal of the NIR probe suggested that DBS electrodes may push their targets ahead of their paths. There was one symptomatic morbidity. Detailed NIR data could be obtained from a 7-cm track in less than 10 minutes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The NIR probe is a straightforward, quick, and robust tool for intraoperative localization during functional neurosurgery. 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