{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T20:04:52Z","timestamp":1790280292908,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JNS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Balamuthia mandrillaris<\/jats:italic> is a rare but increasingly recognized cause of amebic encephalitis, yet it remains poorly understood. The condition is almost universally fatal, and due to diagnostic difficulty, most cases are identified postmortem. The authors report a case of <jats:italic>Balamuthia<\/jats:italic> amebic encephalitis in a patient with combined variable immunodeficiency in which a rare antemortem diagnosis was made via brain biopsy. Despite broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy, the outcome was fatal. Such presentations are challenging, and definitive diagnosis may require biopsy in consultation with a skilled neuropathologist.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2008.9.jns08718","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,11,21]],"date-time":"2008-11-21T18:00:41Z","timestamp":1227290441000},"page":"301-305","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Balamuthia mandrillaris meningoencephalitis in an immunocompromised patient"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Akash P.","family":"Kansagra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayant P.","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chester K.","family":"Yarbrough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaudia","family":"Urbaniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Dawn","family":"Waters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Borys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego; and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Jandial","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, and"},{"name":"Center for Neuroscience, Aging and Stem Cell Research, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-1110301","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"453","article-title":"Identification of Balamuthia mandrillaris by PCR assay using the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene as a target","volume":"41","author":"Booton","year":"2003"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"b2-1110301","series-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol","first-page":"508","article-title":"Balamuthia mandrillaris: identification of clinical and environmental isolates using genus-specific PCR","volume":"50","author":"Booton","year":"2003"},{"key":"b3-1110301","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"1304","article-title":"Successful treatment of Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis: presentation of 2 cases","volume":"37","author":"Deetz","year":"2003"},{"key":"b4-1110301","series-title":"Surg Neurol","first-page":"611","article-title":"Encephalitis due to a free-living amoeba (Balamuthia mandrillaris): case report with literature review","volume":"53","author":"Deol","year":"2000"},{"key":"b5-1110301","series-title":"Microbiology","first-page":"2837","article-title":"Balamuthia mandrillaris from soil samples","volume":"150","author":"Dunnebacke","year":"2004"},{"key":"b6-1110301","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"1305","article-title":"Serum antibodies to Balamuthia mandrillaris, a free-living amoeba recently demonstrated to cause granulomatous amoebic encephalitis","volume":"179","author":"Huang","year":"1999"},{"key":"b7-1110301","series-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol","first-page":"815","article-title":"Animal model Balamuthia mandrillaris CNS infection: contrast and comparison in immunodeficient and immunocompetent mice: a murine model of \u201cgranulomatous\u201d amebic encephalitis","volume":"55","author":"Janitschke","year":"1996"},{"key":"b8-1110301","series-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"466","article-title":"Balamuthia mandrillaris meningoencephalitis in an immunocompetent patient: an unusual clinical course and a favorable outcome","volume":"128","author":"Jung","year":"2004"},{"key":"b9-1110301","series-title":"J Med Microbiol","first-page":"1","article-title":"The threat from Balamuthia mandrillaris","volume":"56","author":"Maciver","year":"2007"},{"key":"b10-1110301","series-title":"J Med Microbiol","first-page":"30","article-title":"Effects of human serum on Balamuthia mandrillaris interactions with human brain microvascular endothelial cells","volume":"56","author":"Matin","year":"2007"},{"key":"b11-1110301","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"3589","article-title":"Multiplex real-time PCR assay for simultaneous detection of Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, and Naegleria fowleri","volume":"44","author":"Qvarnstrom","year":"2006"},{"key":"b12-1110301","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"3175","article-title":"Environmental isolation of Balamuthia mandrillaris associated with a case of amebic encephalitis","volume":"41","author":"Schuster","year":"2003"},{"key":"b13-1110301","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"385","article-title":"Axenic growth and drug sensitivity studies of Balamuthia mandrillaris, an agent of amebic meningoencephalitis in humans and other animals","volume":"34","author":"Schuster","year":"1996"},{"key":"b14-1110301","series-title":"J Eukaryot Microbiol","first-page":"612","article-title":"Efficacy of novel antimicrobials against clinical isolates of opportunistic amebas","volume":"45","author":"Schuster","year":"1998"},{"key":"b15-1110301","series-title":"Drug Resist Updat","first-page":"41","article-title":"Opportunistic amoebae: challenges in prophylaxis and treatment","volume":"7","author":"Schuster","year":"2004"},{"key":"b16-1110301","series-title":"Microb Pathog","first-page":"89","article-title":"Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis: an emerging disease with fatal consequences","volume":"44","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2008"},{"key":"b17-1110301","series-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother","first-page":"4471","article-title":"Effect of antimicrobial compounds on Balamuthia mandrillaris encystment and human brain microvascular endothelial cell cytopathogenicity","volume":"51","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2007"},{"key":"b18-1110301","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"2660","article-title":"Diagnosis of first case of Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis in Portugal by immunofluorescence and PCR","volume":"44","author":"Tavares","year":"2006"},{"key":"b19-1110301","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"2750","article-title":"Leptomyxid ameba, a new agent of amebic meningoencephalitis in humans and animals","volume":"28","author":"Visvesvara","year":"1990"},{"key":"b20-1110301","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"3192","article-title":"Detection of Balamuthia mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene DNA in clinical specimens by PCR","volume":"43","author":"Yagi","year":"2005"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/111\/2\/article-p301.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/111\/2\/article-p301.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/111\/2\/article-p301.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,27]],"date-time":"2023-03-27T10:49:21Z","timestamp":1679914161000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg\/111\/2\/article-p301.xml"}},"subtitle":["Case report"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2008.9.jns08718","relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-3085","1933-0693"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-3085","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0693","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,8]]}}}