{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:31:25Z","timestamp":1793424685615,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PED"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Object<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>During recent years, several biomarkers have been introduced for use in the diagnosis of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The primary objective of this investigation was to determine if S100B (or S100 calcium-binding protein B) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE) serum concentrations can effectively be used to discriminate between symptomatic and asymptomatic children with minor head trauma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The authors conducted a prospective clinical study that involved patients age 6 months to 15 years who had sustained minor head trauma. Children with concomitant extracranial injuries were excluded. Blood samples were obtained within 6 hours of injury to measure S100B and NSE levels in serum. The authors defined 2 diagnostic groups: a mild TBI group (patients with Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] scores of 13\u201315) in whom there were clinical signs of concussion (short loss of consciousness, amnesia, nausea, vomiting, somnolence, headache, dizziness, or impaired vision) and a head contusion group (patients with a GCS score of 15) in whom symptoms were absent. Both S100B and NSE concentrations were compared between the 2 groups. Secondary end points were defined as follows: correlation of S100B\/NSE and a) the presence of scalp lacerations, b) GCS score, c) age, and d) correlation between S100B and NSE.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>One hundred forty-eight patients were enrolled (53 in the contusion group, 95 in the mild TBI group). After adjusting for differences in age and time of injury to blood sample withdrawal, there was no significant difference in S100B or NSE between patients in the 2 groups. Scalp lacerations and GCS score had no affect on posttraumatic S100B or NSE concentrations. The correlation between S100B and NSE was significant. Both markers showed a significant negative correlation with age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The authors demonstrated that S100B and NSE do not discriminate between symptomatic and asymptomatic children with minor head injury. There seem to be limitations in marker sensitivity when investigating pediatric patients with mild TBI.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.5.peds08481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]],"date-time":"2009-10-01T16:05:27Z","timestamp":1254413127000},"page":"339-344","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["Diagnostic value of S100B and neuron-specific enolase in mild pediatric traumatic brain injury"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Geyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anett","family":"Ulrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerd","family":"Gr\u00e4fe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Stach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Till","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-0040339","series-title":"Neurosurgery","first-page":"1255","article-title":"High serum S100B levels for trauma patients without head injuries","volume":"48","author":"Anderson","year":"2001"},{"key":"b2-0040339","series-title":"Acad Emerg Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1197\/j.aem.2005.02.017","article-title":"Serum neuron-specific enolase as a predictor of short-term outcome in children with closed traumatic brain injury","volume":"12","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2005"},{"key":"b3-0040339","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1996.85.6.1113","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging-monitored acute blood-brain barrier changes in experimental traumatic brain injury","volume":"85","author":"Barz\u00f3","year":"1996"},{"key":"b4-0040339","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.0055","article-title":"Neurocognitive outcome and serum biomarkers in inflicted versus non-inflicted traumatic brain injury in young children","volume":"24","author":"Beers","year":"2007"},{"key":"b5-0040339","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"61","article-title":"Serum neuron-specific enolase, S100B, and myelin basic protein concentrations after inflicted and noninflicted traumatic brain injury in children","volume":"103","author":"Berger","year":"2005"},{"key":"b6-0040339","series-title":"Dev Neurosci","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1159\/000094158","article-title":"Serum biomarkers after traumatic and hypoxemic brain injuries: insight into the biochemical response of the pediatric brain to inflicted brain injury","volume":"28","author":"Berger","year":"2006"},{"key":"b7-0040339","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2007.0316","article-title":"Serum biomarker concentrations and outcome after pediatric traumatic brain injury","volume":"24","author":"Berger","year":"2007"},{"key":"b8-0040339","series-title":"In Vivo","first-page":"245","article-title":"Age dependence and prognostic impact of neuron specific enolase (NSE) in children with neuroblastoma","volume":"5","author":"Berthold","year":"1991"},{"key":"b9-0040339","series-title":"Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.28.10.1961","article-title":"S-100 protein: serum marker of focal brain damage after ischemic territorial MCA infarction","volume":"28","author":"B\u00fcttner","year":"1997"},{"key":"b10-0040339","series-title":"J Neurosurg","first-page":"435","article-title":"The S100B protein and traumatic brain injury","volume":"104","author":"Cotena","year":"2006"},{"key":"b11-0040339","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1080\/16501970410015587","article-title":"S100 and cognitive impairment after mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"37","author":"De Boussard","year":"2005"},{"key":"b12-0040339","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.73.6.727","article-title":"Prediction of post-traumatic complaints after mild traumatic brain injury: early symptoms and biochemical markers","volume":"73","author":"De Kruijk","year":"2002"},{"key":"b13-0040339","series-title":"Acta Neurol Scand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0404.2001.103003175.x","article-title":"S-100B and neuron-specific enolase in serum of mild traumatic brain injury patients. A comparison with healthy controls","volume":"103","author":"De Kruijk","year":"2001"},{"key":"b14-0040339","series-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4889(99)00058-0","article-title":"Functional roles of S100 proteins, calcium-binding proteins of the EF-hand type","volume":"1450","author":"Donato","year":"1999"},{"key":"b15-0040339","series-title":"Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)91579-P","article-title":"Neurotrophic activity of S-100 beta in cultures of dorsal root ganglia from embryonic chick and fetal rat","volume":"542","author":"Eldik","year":"1991"},{"key":"b16-0040339","series-title":"Acad Emerg Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.2000.tb02276.x","article-title":"Serum neuron-specific enolase as a predictor of intracranial lesions in children with head trauma: a pilot study","volume":"7","author":"Fridriksson","year":"2000"},{"key":"b17-0040339","series-title":"Exp Physiol","first-page":"243","article-title":"Calcium and fos involvement in brain-derived Ca(2+)-binding protein (S100)-dependent apoptosis in rat phaeochromocytoma cells","volume":"85","author":"Fulle","year":"2000"},{"key":"b18-0040339","series-title":"Clin Chem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1373\/49.6.967","article-title":"Pediatric concentrations of S100B protein in blood: age- and sex-related changes","volume":"49","author":"Gazzolo","year":"2003"},{"key":"b19-0040339","series-title":"Injury","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(02)00193-6","article-title":"Prevalence of traumatic brain injury amongst children admitted to hospital in one health district: a population-based study","volume":"34","author":"Hawley","year":"2003"},{"key":"b20-0040339","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.70.1.95","article-title":"Release of biochemical markers of damage to neuronal and glial brain tissue is associated with short and long term neuropsychological outcome after traumatic brain injury","volume":"70","author":"Herrmann","year":"2001"},{"key":"b21-0040339","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2000.17.113","article-title":"Temporal profile of release of neurobiochemical markers of brain damage after traumatic brain injury is associated with intracranial pathology as demonstrated in cranial computerized tomography","volume":"17","author":"Herrmann","year":"2000"},{"key":"b22-0040339","series-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci","first-page":"171","article-title":"Biochemical serum markers for brain damage: a short review with emphasis on clinical utility in mild head injury","volume":"21","author":"Ingebrigtsen","year":"2003"},{"key":"b23-0040339","series-title":"J Trauma","first-page":"798","article-title":"Biochemical serum markers of traumatic brain injury","volume":"52","author":"Ingebrigtsen","year":"2002"},{"key":"b24-0040339","series-title":"Brain Inj","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1080\/02699050050203540","article-title":"The clinical value of serum S-100 protein measurements in minor head injury: a Scandinavian multicentre study","volume":"14","author":"Ingebrigtsen","year":"2000"},{"key":"b25-0040339","series-title":"Neurosurgery","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-199909000-00010","article-title":"Traumatic brain damage in minor head injury: relation of serum S-100 protein measurements to magnetic resonance imaging and neurobehavioral outcome","volume":"45","author":"Ingebrigtsen","year":"1999"},{"key":"b26-0040339","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2005.22.645","article-title":"Enhanced hippocampal neurogenesis by intraventricular S100B infusion is associated with improved cognitive recovery after traumatic brain injury","volume":"22","author":"Kleindienst","year":"2005"},{"key":"b27-0040339","series-title":"J Neurosurg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2005.102.6.1115","article-title":"Assessment of cerebral S100B levels by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy after lateral fluid-percussion injury in the rat","volume":"102","author":"Kleindienst","year":"2005"},{"key":"b28-0040339","series-title":"Brain Res Bull","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(03)00089-3","article-title":"Protein S-100B, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), myelin basic protein (MBP) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood of neurological patients","volume":"61","author":"Lamers","year":"2003"},{"key":"b29-0040339","series-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci","first-page":"109","article-title":"Peripheral markers of brain damage and blood-brain barrier dysfunction","volume":"21","author":"Marchi","year":"2003"},{"key":"b30-0040339","series-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.07.096","article-title":"S100 proteins in mouse and man: from evolution to function and pathology (including an update of the nomenclature)","volume":"322","author":"Marenholz","year":"2004"},{"key":"b31-0040339","series-title":"Neuroscience","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)90201-1","article-title":"The brain protein S-100ab induces apoptosis in PC12 cells","volume":"60","author":"Mariggi\u00f3","year":"1994"},{"key":"b32-0040339","series-title":"Brain Res","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(98)01014-2","article-title":"S100B, a neurotropic protein that modulates neuronal protein phosphorylation, is upregulated during lesion-induced collateral sprouting and reactive synaptogenesis","volume":"813","author":"McAdory","year":"1998"},{"key":"b33-0040339","series-title":"Klin Padiatr","first-page":"49","article-title":"The role of S100B-protein in neonatology, pediatric intensive care, and pediatrics","volume":"218","author":"Meyer","year":"2006"},{"key":"b34-0040339","series-title":"Brain Dev","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/S0387-7604(03)00126-8","article-title":"Over-expression of S100B protein in children with cerebral palsy or delayed development","volume":"26","author":"Park","year":"2004"},{"key":"b35-0040339","series-title":"Clin Chem","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/48.6.950","article-title":"The serum S100B concentration is age dependent","volume":"48","author":"Portela","year":"2002"},{"key":"b36-0040339","series-title":"J Trauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199810000-00025","article-title":"S-100 serum levels after minor and major head injury","volume":"45","author":"Rothoerl","year":"1998"},{"key":"b37-0040339","series-title":"J Trauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000096644.08735.72","article-title":"Effects of head and extracranial injuries on serum protein S100B levels in trauma patients","volume":"56","author":"Savola","year":"2004"},{"key":"b38-0040339","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01406367","article-title":"Increased serum creatine kinase BB and neuron specific enolase following head injury indicates brain damage","volume":"115","author":"Skogseid","year":"1992"},{"key":"b39-0040339","series-title":"Int J Biol Markers","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1177\/172460080502000106","article-title":"Comparison of four different assays for determination of serum S-100B","volume":"20","author":"Smit","year":"2005"},{"key":"b40-0040339","series-title":"Crit Care Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000053644.16336.52","article-title":"S-100beta protein-serum levels in healthy children and its association with outcome in pediatric traumatic brain injury","volume":"31","author":"Spinella","year":"2003"},{"key":"b41-0040339","series-title":"J Rehabil Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1080\/16501970510032910","article-title":"One-year follow-up of mild traumatic brain injury: post-concussion symptoms, disabilities and life satisfaction in relation to serum levels of S-100B and neurone-specific enolase in acute phase","volume":"37","author":"St\u00e5lnacke","year":"2005"},{"key":"b42-0040339","series-title":"Eur Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1159\/000083678","article-title":"S-100B concentration is not related to neurocognitive performance in the first month after mild traumatic brain injury","volume":"53","author":"Stapert","year":"2005"},{"key":"b43-0040339","series-title":"J Neurotrauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1089\/0897715041651088","article-title":"Elevated serum S-100B protein as a predictor of failure to short-term return to work or activities after mild head injury","volume":"21","author":"Stranjalis","year":"2004"},{"key":"b44-0040339","series-title":"J Trauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000130613.35877.75","article-title":"Raised serum S100B levels after acute bone fractures without cerebral injury","volume":"58","author":"Und\u00e9n","year":"2005"},{"key":"b45-0040339","series-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1053\/ejpn.2001.0399","article-title":"S100B protein, glia and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Van Passel","year":"2001"},{"key":"b46-0040339","series-title":"Ann Thorac Surg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(95)00904-3","article-title":"Serum S100 protein: a potential marker for cerebral events during cardiopulmonary bypass","volume":"61","author":"Westaby","year":"1996"},{"key":"b47-0040339","series-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01410977","article-title":"Comparison of serial S-100 and NSE serum measurements after severe head injury","volume":"139","author":"Woertgen","year":"1997"},{"key":"b48-0040339","series-title":"J Trauma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199912000-00026","article-title":"Comparison of clinical, radiologic, and serum marker as prognostic factors after severe head injury","volume":"47","author":"Woertgen","year":"1999"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/4\/4\/article-p339.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/4\/4\/article-p339.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/downloadpdf\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/4\/4\/article-p339.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,15]],"date-time":"2023-04-15T11:36:08Z","timestamp":1681558568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/thejns.org\/view\/journals\/j-neurosurg-pediatr\/4\/4\/article-p339.xml"}},"subtitle":["Clinical article"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2009.5.peds08481","relation":{},"ISSN":["1933-0707","1933-0715"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1933-0707","type":"print"},{"value":"1933-0715","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]}}}