{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:16:28Z","timestamp":1787962588307,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Journal of Neurosurgery Publishing Group (JNSPG)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FOC"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinal surgery involves a wide spectrum of procedures during which the spinal cord, nerve roots, and key blood vessels are frequently placed at risk for injury. Neuromonitoring provides an opportunity to assess the functional integrity of susceptible neural elements during surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The methodology of obtaining and interpreting data from various neuromonitoring modalities\u2014such as somatosensory evoked potentials, motor evoked potentials, spontaneous electromyography, and triggered electromyography\u2014is reviewed in this report. Also discussed are the major benefits and limitations of each modality, as well as the strength of each alone and in combination with other modalities, with regard to its sensitivity, specificity, and overall value as a diagnostic tool. Finally, key clinical recommendations for the interpretation and step-wise decision-making process for intervention are discussed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Multimodality neuromonitoring relies on the strengths of different types of neurophysiological modalities to maximize the diagnostic efficacy in regard to sensitivity and specificity in the detection of impending neural injury. Thorough knowledge of the benefits and limitations of each modality helps in optimizing the diagnostic value of intraoperative monitoring during spinal procedures. As many spinal surgeries continue to evolve along a pathway of minimal invasiveness, it is quite likely that the value of neuromonitoring will only continue to become more prominent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.8.focus09150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,1]],"date-time":"2009-10-01T12:05:19Z","timestamp":1254398719000},"page":"E6","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":219,"title":["Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring during spine surgery: a review"],"prefix":"10.3171","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Andres A.","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dhiraj","family":"Jeyanandarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology and"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Zada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick C.","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1754","reference":[{"key":"b1-0270006","series-title":"Clin Electroencephalogr","first-page":"30","article-title":"The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation for monitoring descending spinal cord motor function","volume":"33","author":"Aglio","year":"2002"},{"key":"b2-0270006","series-title":"Spine","first-page":"536","article-title":"Anterior spinal fusion complicated by paraplegia. 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Initial clinical results","volume":"19","author":"Calancie","year":"1994"},{"key":"b8-0270006","series-title":"Spine","first-page":"406","article-title":"Alarm criteria for motor-evoked potentials: what's wrong with the \u201cpresence-or-absence\u201d approach?","volume":"33","author":"Calancie","year":"2008"},{"key":"b9-0270006","series-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol","first-page":"281","article-title":"Success rate of motor evoked potentials for intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring: effects of age, lesion location, and preoperative neurologic deficits","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2007"},{"key":"b10-0270006","series-title":"Evoked Potentials in Clinical Medicine","article-title":"Short Latency Somatosensory Evoked Potentials: methodology","author":"Chiappa","year":"1997"},{"key":"b11-0270006","series-title":"Clin Neurophysiol","first-page":"248","article-title":"Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring of the spinal cord during spinal cord and spine surgery: a review 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